use figure 25-17to suggest which type of liquid chromatography you could use to separate compounds in each of the following categories.

(a)Molecular mass <2000,soluble in octane

(b) Molecular mass <2000 ,soluble in methanol-water mixtures

(c) Molecular mass <2000 ,weak acid

(d)Molecular mass<2000 ,soluble highly polar

(e) Molecular mass <2000 ,ionic

(f)Molecular mass<2000,soluble in water in nonionic various

(g) Molecular mass<2000,soluble in water in water, variety of changes

(h) Molecular mass<2000,soluble in tetrahydrofuran

Short Answer

Expert verified

which type of liquid chromatography you could use to separate compounds.

a)We would use normal-phase chromatography

b)We would use bonded reverse-phase chromatography

c)We would use bonded reverse-phase chromatography.

d)We would use hydrophilic interaction chromatography

e)We would use ion-exchange or ion

f)We would use molecular-exclusion

g)We would use ion-exchange with wide pore stationary phase chromatography

h)We would use molecular-exclusion chromatography.

Step by step solution

01

Molecular mass

Figure 25-17is used to solve this.

If the analyte's molecular mass is less than 2 000 , we use the upper part of the figure. We use the lower part if the molecular mass is greater than 2 000 .Table 25-4can also be used to determine the polarity.

a)Molecular mass <2000,soluble in octane.

We would use normal-phase chromatography to separate compound that has molecular mass below 2 000 and it is soluble in octane.

b)Molecular mass <2000,soluble in methanol-water mixtures

We would use bonded reverse-phase chromatography to separate compound with molecular mass below 2 000 and it is soluble in methanol-water mixtures.

c)Molecular mass <2000,weak acid

We would use bonded reverse-phase chromatography with buffered mobile phase to separate compound with molecular mass below 2 000 and it is weak acid.

02

soluble highly polar

d)Molecular mass <2000,soluble highly polar

We would use hydrophilic interaction chromatography to separate compound with molecular mass below 2 000 and it is highly polar.

e)Molecular mass <2000,ionic

We would use ion-exchange or ion chromatography to separate compound with molecular mass below 2 000 and it is ionic.

f)Molecular mass <2000,soluble in water in nonionic various

We would use molecular-exclusion chromatography to separate compound with molecular mass greater than 2 000 and it is soluble in water, nonionic, various sized solutes.

g)Molecular mass >2000,soluble in water in water, variety of changes

We would use ion-exchange with wide pore stationary phase chromatography to separate compound with molecular mass greater than 2000 and it is soluble in water, variety of charges.

h)Molecular mass >2000,soluble in tetrahydrofuran

We would use molecular-exclusion chromatography to separate compound with molecular mass greater than 2 000 and it is soluble in tetrahydrofuran.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Use Figure 25-30 for the following questions:

(a) What pH would be best for the separation of benzoic acid, 4-nitrophenol, and 3-methylbenzoic acid?

(b) What pH would be best for the separation of benzoic acid, 3-methylbenzoic acid, and 4-methylaniline?

(c) What pH would be best for separation of 4-nitrophenol, 4-methylaniline, and codeine on a typical C18-silica column?

(a) Make a graph showing retention times of peaks 6, 7, and 8 in Figure 25-12 as a function of %acetonitrile (%B). Predict the retention time of peak 8 at 45% B.

(b) Linear-solvent-strength model: In Figure 25-12, tm = 2.7 min. Compute k for peaks 6, 7, and 8 as a function of %B. Make a graph of log k versus Φ, where Φ= %B/100. Find the equation of a straight line through a suitable linear range for peak 8. The slope is -S and the intercept is log kw. From the line, predict tr for peak 8 at 45% B and compare your answer with (a).

(c) Gradient elution: A linear eluent gradient from 40 to 80% acetonitrile over 30 min is performed on the column in Figure 25-12. Assuming a dwell volume of 0 mL, use your data from (b) to plot the retention factor of peaks 6 and 8 during the gradient. What are the general characteristics of the plot?

(d) Why are the peaks in a gradient separation sharp?

In monolithic columns60 the stationary phase is a single porous piece of silica or polymer filling the entire column and synthesized within the column from liquid precursors. Monolithic columns offer similar plate height to HPLC particles, but with less resistance to flow. Therefore, faster flow or longer columns can be used. The figure shows separation of isotopic molecules on a long monolithic column. Packed columns have too much resistance to flow to be made so long.

Separation of isotopic molecules on a 440-cm-long monolithic C18-silica column eluted withCH3CN/H2O(30: 70 vol/vol) at 308C. [Data from K. Miyamoto, T. Hara, H. Kobayashi, H. Morisaka, D. Tokuda, K. Horie, K. Koduki, S. Makino, O. Nuñez, C. Yang, T. Kawabe, T. Ikegami, H. Takubo, Y. Ishihama, and N. Tanaka, “High-Efficiency Liquid Chromatographic Separation Utilizing Long Monolithic Silica Capillary Columns,” Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 8741.]

(a) Unretained thiourea is eluted in 41.7 min. Find the linear velocity ux (mm/s).

(b) Find the retention factor k forC6D6

(c) Find the plate number N and plate height forC6D6

(d) Assuming that the peak widths forC6H5Dand C6D6are the same as that of C6D6, find the resolution of C6H5Dand C6D6.

(f) If we just increased the column length to increase N, what value of N and what column length would be required for a resolution of 1.000?

(g) Without increasing the length of the column, and without changing the stationary phase, how might you improve the resolution?

(h) When the solvent was changed fromCH3CN/H2O(30:70 vol/vol) toCH3CN/CH3OH/H2O(10:5:85), the relative retention for C6H5D andC6D6increased to 1.0088 and the retention factor for C6H6 changed to 17.0. If the plate number were unchanged, what would be the resolution?

(a)explain how to measure k and resolution.

(b)state three method for measuring tmin reversed-phase chromatography.

(c)state three method for measuring tmin hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography.

(d)Estimate tmfor 15×0.46column containing 5-μmparticles operating at a flow rate of 1.5mL/minEstimate tmif the particle size were 3.5-μm instead.

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