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Chapter 5: Q4P (page 114)

Distinguish raw data, treated data, and results.

Short Answer

Expert verified
  • Raw data are the unprocessed measurements collected from the specimens being studied.
  • Treated data are the concentrations found from the raw data with the use of calibration procedures.
  • Results are the reported data after the application of various statistical analyses to the treated data.

Step by step solution

01

Raw data, Treated data and results

Raw data:

Raw data are data's which can be measured directly.

Examples such as peak area in a chromatogram or volume from a burette.

Treated data:

When the raw data applied using calibration methods the resultant data obtained is known as treated data.

Results:

Results are ultimate reports that we report after the application of statistical methods (mean, standard deviation) to the Treated data.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Standard addition graph. Students performed an experiment like that in Figure 5-7 in which each flask contained 25.00mLof serum, varying additions of 2.640MNaCIstandard, and a total volume of 50.00mL.


(a) Prepare a standard addition graph and find [Na+]in the serum.

(b) Find the standard deviation and 95%confidence interval for [Na+].

Europium is a lanthanide element found at parts per billion levels in natural waters. It can be measured from the intensity of orange light emitted when a solution is illuminated with ultraviolet radiation. Certain organic compounds that bindEu(III)are required to enhance the emission. The figure shows standard addition experiments in which10.00mLof sample and20.00mLcontaining a large excess of organic additive were placed in 50-mL volumetric flasks. Then Eu(III) standards (0,5.00,10.00,or15.00mL) were added and the flasks were diluted to50.0mLwithH2O. Standards added to tap water contained0.152ng/mL(ppb) of Eu(III), but those added to pond water were 100 times more concentrated (15.2 ng/mL).


(a) Calculate the concentration of Eu(III)(ng/mL) in pond water and tap water.

(b) For tap water, emission peak area increases by.4.61units when 10.00mL of 0.152ng/mL standard are added. This response is4.61 units/1.52ng = 3.03units per ng ofEu(III). For pond water, the response is12.5units when10.00mLof15.2ng/mLstandard are added, or0.0822units per ng. How would you explain these observations? Why was standard addition necessary for this analysis?

What is the difference between an instrument detection limit and a method detection limit? What is the difference between robustness and intermediate precision?

Internal standard. A solution was prepared by mixing 5.00mLof unknown elementXwith2.00mLof solution containingrole="math" localid="1654777035083" 4.13μgof standard elementSper millilitre, and diluting to10.0mL. The signal ratio in atomic absorption spectrometry was (signal fromX)/ (signal fromS)=0.808. In a separate experiment, with equal concentrations ofXandS, (signal fromX)/signal fromS)=1.31. Find the concentration ofXin the unknown.

Correlation coefficient and Excel graphing. Synthetic

data are given below for a calibration curve in which random Gaussian

noise with a standard deviation ofwas superimposed on

y values for the equationy=26.4x+1.37

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does not guarantee that data quality is excellent.

(a)Enter concentration in column A and signal in column B of a

spreadsheet. Prepare an XY Scatter chart of signal versus concentration

without a line as described in Section2-11

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(Section 4-7) to find the least-squares parameters includingR2

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(b)Now insert the Trendline by following instructions on page 88.

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(c)Add 95%confidence interval y error bars following the instructions

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