Chapter 20: Q32P (page 527)
Explain how the difference voltage in Figure 20-37 reduces noise from source flicker.
Short Answer
The differential voltage minimises noise from source flicker.
Chapter 20: Q32P (page 527)
Explain how the difference voltage in Figure 20-37 reduces noise from source flicker.
The differential voltage minimises noise from source flicker.
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Get started for freeIn Figure 20-35, the relative detection limit is 37 after 1sof signal averaging, 12.5 after 10s, and 5.6 after 40 sof signal averaging. Based on the value of 37 at 1 s, what are the expected detection limits at 10 sand 40 sin an ideal experiment?
The photograph of upconversion in Color Plate 21shows total internal reflection of the blue ray inside the cuvet. The angle of incidence of the blue ray on the wall of the cuvet is. We estimate that the refractive index of the organic solvent is 1.50and the refractive index of the fused-silicacuvet is 1.46. Calculate the critical angle for total internal reflection at the solvent/ silica interface and at the silica/air interface. From your calculation, which interface is responsible for total internal reflection in the photo?
The exitance (power per unit area per unit wavelength) from a blackbody (Box 20-1) is given by the Planck distribution: where is wavelength, Tis temperature K), his Planck’s constant, Cis the speed of light, and kis Boltzmann’s constant. The area under each curve between two wavelengths in the blackbody graph in Box 20-1is equal to the power per unit areaemitted between those two wavelengths. We find the area by integrating the Planck function between wavelengthsand
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For a narrow wavelength range, the value of is nearly constant and the power emitted is simply the product .
(a) Evaluate and at
(b) Calculate the power emitted per square meter atin the intervalby evaluating the product
(c) Repeat part (b) for the interval
(d) The quantityis the relative exitance at the two wavelengths. Compare the relative exitance at these two wave-lengths atwith the relative exitance at 100K. What does your answer mean?
Describe three general types of noise that have a different dependence on frequency. Give an example of the source of each kind of noise.
A spectrum has a signal-to-noise ratio of 8/1. How many spectra must be averaged to increase the signal-to-noise ratio to 20 / 1?
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