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Chapter 12: Problem 16

Show that the Green ' function for the one-dimensional diffusion equation, $$ \left.\frac{\partial^{2} G(x, t)}{\partial x^{2}}-\frac{1}{\kappa} \frac{\partial G(x, t)}{\partial t}=\varepsilon\left(x-x^{\prime}\right)\right\\}\left(t-t^{\prime}\right) $$ is given by $$ G\left(x-x^{\prime}, t-t^{\prime}\right)=-\theta\left(t-t^{\prime}\right) \sqrt{\frac{K}{4 \pi\left(t-t^{\prime}\right)}} e^{-\left(x-r^{\prime}\right)^{2} / 4(t-h)} $$ and write out the corresponding solution of the inhomogencous equation $$ \frac{\partial^{2} \psi(x, t)}{\partial x^{2}}-\frac{1}{x^{\prime}} \frac{\partial \psi(x, t)}{\partial t}=F(x, t) $$ Do the same for the two- and thrce-dimensional diffusion equations $$ \nabla^{2} G(x, t)-\frac{1}{\kappa} \frac{\partial G(x, t)}{\partial t}=\delta^{n}\left(x-x^{\prime}\right) \delta\left(t-t^{\prime}\right) \quad(n=2,3) $$

Short Answer

Expert verified
The Green's function can be applied to the one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional diffusion equations. The solution to the inhomogeneous equation can be calculated as a convolution of the Green's function and some function F(x, t). The Green's function for the n-dimensional diffusion equation is structurally the same for all dimensions (1D, 2D, 3D); only the dimensions under the integral changes.

Step by step solution

01

Applying the Green's function to the one-dimensional diffusion equation

It needs to be shown that when substituted into the differential equation, the given Green's function actually solves it. From the properties of the heat kernel, it is known that \[ \frac{\partial G}{\partial t} = \kappa \frac{\partial^2 G}{\partial x^2} \]. Then write down this fact, so substitute this amongst the Green's function formula and check whether it holds true.
02

Calculating the solution of the inhomogeneous equation

For the inhomogeneous equation, the solution will be a convolution of the Green's function and the function F(x, t). Compute for the convolution \[ \psi(x, t) = \int G(x - x', t - t') F(x', t') dx' dt' \] and rewrite it as needed.
03

Applying the Green's function to the two- and three-dimensional diffusion equation

Substitute the expression of the Green's function in n-dimensions in the n-dimensional heat/diffusion equation and note whether the Green's function holds true. The structure remains the same for all cases; only the dimension under the integral changes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Prove that $$ x^{m} \delta^{(n)}(x)=(-1)^{m} \frac{n !}{(n-m) !} \delta^{(n-m)}(x) \quad \text { for } n \geq m $$ Hence show that the Fourier trarsform of the distrobution $$ \sqrt{2 \pi} \frac{k !}{(m+k) !} x^{m} \delta^{(m+k)}(-x) \quad(m, k \geq 0) $$ is \((-2 y)^{k}\)

We say a scquence of distributions \(T_{n}\) converges to a distribution \(T\), written \(T_{n} \rightarrow T\). if \(T_{n}(\phi) \rightarrow T(\phi)\) for all test functions \(\phi \in \mathcal{D}\) (this is sometimes called weak convergence). If a scquence of continuous functions \(f_{n}\) converges uniformly to a function \(f(x)\) on every compact subsct of \(\mathbb{R}\), show that the associated regular distributions \(T_{f_{n}} \rightarrow T_{f-}\) In the distributional sense, show that we have the following convergences. $$ \begin{aligned} f_{n}(x) &=\frac{n}{\pi\left(1+n^{2} x^{2}\right)} \rightarrow \delta(x) \\ g_{n}(x) &=\frac{n}{\sqrt{\pi}} \mathrm{e}^{-\alpha^{2} x^{2}} \rightarrow \delta(x) \end{aligned} $$

Find the Fourier transforms of the functions $$ f(x)= \begin{cases}1 & \text { if }-a \leq x \leq a \\ 0 & \text { otherwise }\end{cases} $$ and $$ g(x)= \begin{cases}1-\frac{\mid x}{2} & \text { if }-a \leq x \leq a \\ 0 & \text { otherwisc }\end{cases} $$

Show that the Green's function for the time-independent Klein-Gordon equation $$ \left(\nabla^{2}-m^{2}\right) \phi=\rho(r) $$ can be expressed as the Fourier integral $$ G\left(x-x^{\prime}\right)=-\frac{1}{(2 \pi)^{3}} \iiint d^{3} k \frac{e^{u k\left(x-y^{\prime}\right)}}{k^{2}+m^{2}} $$ Evaluate this integral and show that it results in $$ G(\mathbf{R})=-\frac{\mathrm{e}^{-\operatorname{m} k}}{4 \pi R} \quad \text { where } \quad \mathbf{R}=\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}^{\prime}, \quad R=|\mathbf{R}| $$ Find the solution \(\phi\) correspondmg to a point source $$ \rho(\mathbf{r})=q \delta^{3}(r) $$

Evaluate (a) \(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \mathrm{e}^{a t} \sin b t \delta^{(n)}(t) \mathrm{d} t \quad\) for \(n=0,1,2\). (b) \(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}(\cos t+\sin t) \delta^{(n)}\left(t^{3}+t^{2}+t\right) d t \quad\) for \(n=0,1\).
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