If a Lagrangian depends on second and higher order derivatives of the fields, \(L=\) \(L\left(\Phi_{\lambda}, \Phi_{A \mu}, \Phi_{A, \mu \nu}, \ldots\right)\) derive the generalized Euler-Lagrange equations $$ \frac{\delta L \sqrt{-g}}{\delta \Phi_{A}} \equiv \frac{\partial L \sqrt{-g}}{\partial \Phi_{A}}-\frac{\partial}{\partial x^{\mu}}\left(\frac{\partial L \sqrt{-g}}{\partial \Phi_{A, \mu}}\right)+\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{\mu} \partial x^{\prime}}\left(\frac{\partial L \sqrt{-g}}{\partial \Phi_{A_{L} w}}\right)-\cdots=0 $$

Short Answer

Expert verified
The result is the Euler-Lagrange equation with extra terms accounting for each additional derivative of the field that appears in the Lagrangian. Essentially, these equations state that varying the field configuration and its derivatives to minimize the action yields the equations of motion for the field.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of the Euler-Lagrange equations

The Euler-Lagrange equations are fundamental equations that are extremely useful when dealing with problems in the calculus of variations, and are given by the formula:\[\frac{\partial L}{\partial \Phi_{A}} - \frac{\partial}{\partial x^{\mu}}\left(\frac{\partial L}{\partial \Phi_{A, \mu}}\right)=0\]However, in this problem, the Lagrangian \(L\) depends also on the second and higher order derivatives of \(\Phi_{A}\), the field. Therefore, additional terms appear in the Euler-Lagrange equations, one for each additional derivative of the field that appears in the Lagrangian.
02

Application of the Euler-Lagrange equations

Applying the Euler-Lagrange equations to the given Lagrangian:\[\frac{\partial L \sqrt{-g}}{\partial \Phi_{A}} - \frac{\partial}{\partial x^{\mu}} \left(\frac{\partial L \sqrt{-g}}{\partial \Phi_{A, \mu}}\right) + \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{\mu} \partial x^{\nu}} \left(\frac{\partial L \sqrt{-g}}{\partial \Phi_{A, \mu \nu}}\right) - \cdots = 0\]Note that for each additional derivative of the field in the Lagrangian, there is an additional derivative on the partial derivatives in the Euler-Lagrange equation. Likewise, for each subsequent derivative, there will be a corresponding term in the Euler-Lagrange equations. Additionally, because the action should be invariant under local changes on the metric, the addition of a term \(-g\), the determinant of the metric tensor, accompanied by a square root, ensures that this feature is preserved.
03

Final Result

Therefore, using the given Euler-Lagrange equations:\[\frac{\partial L \sqrt{-g}}{\partial \Phi_{A}} - \frac{\partial}{\partial x^{\mu}}\left(\frac{\partial L \sqrt{-g}}{\partial \Phi_{A, \mu}}\right) + \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{\mu} \partial x^{\nu}}\left(\frac{\partial L \sqrt{-g}}{\partial \Phi_{A, \mu \nu}}\right) - \cdots = 0\]The given Lagrangian \(L\), which depends on second and higher order derivatives of the fields, will satisfy this equation when it is minimized.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

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