Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements: a) A self-_______ class is used to form dynamic data structures that can grow and shrink at execution time. b) \(A(n)\)_______ is a constrained version of a linked list in which nodes can be inserted and deleted only from the start of the list. c) A method that does not alter a linked list, but simply looks at it to determine whether it's empty, is referred to as a(n) ______ method. d) A queue is referred to as a(n) _____ data structure because the first nodes inserted are the first ones removed. e) The reference to the next node in a linked list is referred to as a(n ______ f) Automatically reclaiming dynamically allocated memory in Java is called _______ g) \(A(n)\) ______ is a constrained version of a linked list in which nodes can be inserted only at the end of the list and deleted only from the start of the list. h) \(A(n)\) _______ is a nonlinear, two-dimensional data structure that contains nodes with two or more links. i) \(\quad A\) stack is referred to as a(n) ________ data structure because the last node inserted is the first node removed. j) The nodes of a(n) ______ tree contain two link members. k) The first node of a tree is the ______ node. I) Each link in a tree node refers to a(n) ______ or ______ of that node. \(\mathrm{m}\) ) A tree node that has no children is called a(n) _______ node. n) The three traversal algorithms we mentioned in the text for binary search trees are ______ ,_____ or _____ o) When compiling types in a package, the javac command-line option ______ specifies where to store the package and causes the compiler to create the package's directories if they do not exist. p) The compiler uses a(n) _______ to locate the classes it needs in the classpath. q) The classpath for the compiler and JVM can be specified with the ______ option to the javac or java command, or by setting the ______ environment variable. r) There can be only one ______ in a Java source-code file, and it must precede all other declarations and statements in the file.

Step by step solution

01

Fill in the blank a)

To fill in the first blank, think of a type of class that is capable of changing its size during the execution of a program. The correct term is 'recursive'.

02

Fill in the blank b)

For the second blank, identify the type of linked list that only allows insertion and deletion at the start. This is known as a 'stack'.

03

Fill in the blank c)

For the blank in statement (c), the method type that checks properties without modifying the list is known as a 'query' or 'accessor' method.

04

Fill in the blank d)

In statement (d), determine the term that describes the order in which nodes are removed relative to their insertion in a queue. This term is 'FIFO', which stands for 'First-In, First-Out'.

05

Fill in the blank e)

The blank in statement (e) should be filled with the term that represents the property of a node that points to the following node in a linked list. This term is 'link' or 'pointer'.

06

Fill in the blank f)

For the sixth blank, identify the Java process that automatically cleans up memory that is no longer in use. This is called 'garbage collection'.

07

Fill in the blank g)

Statement (g) refers to a specific type of linked list that has restricted insertion and deletion operations. This structure is known as a 'queue'.

08

Fill in the blank h)

This blank refers to a structure where each node may have multiple branches. The term for such a data structure is a 'graph'.

09

Fill in the blank i)

The term needed in statement (i) is the one that describes the opposite order of a queue, where the last element inserted is the first to be removed. This term is 'LIFO', which stands for 'Last-In, First-Out'.

10

Fill in the blank j)

The blank in statement (j) should be completed with a type of tree that has a specific number of links in its nodes. A tree where each node has two links is known as a 'binary' tree.

11

Fill in the blank k)

The term that describes the first node in a tree, which serves as the entry point to the rest of the nodes, is 'root'.

12

Fill in the blank l)

In this statement, fill in with the terms that describe the potential links in a tree node. These links are known as 'child' or 'children'.

13

Fill in the blank m)

Here we need a term that describes a tree node without children. Such a node is called a 'leaf' node.

14

Fill in the blank n)

For the three traversal algorithms for binary search trees, we use 'inorder', 'preorder', and 'postorder'.

15

Fill in the blank o)

This command-line option tells the Java compiler where to find and store packages. The correct term is '-d'.

16

Fill in the blank p)

Identify the mechanism that the Java compiler uses to locate classes. The appropriate term is 'classpath'.

17

Fill in the blank q)

This part requires specifying the options to set the classpath. The correct answers are '-classpath' option and 'CLASSPATH' environment variable.

18

Fill in the blank r)

The statement refers to a unique element at the beginning of a java file that declares the package. The term for this is 'package declaration'.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Understanding Dynamic Data Structures in Java

Dynamic data structures play a crucial role in programming, especially when it comes to managing data that can change size at runtime. In Java, classes are used to define such structures, capable of adapting to the growing or shrinking of data during execution. They contrast with static data structures, which have a fixed size.

One of the simplest examples of a dynamic data structure is the linked list. In a linked list, each element, typically called a 'node,' contains data and a reference or link to the next node in the sequence. This structure allows for efficient insertions and deletions as it does not require shifting elements, like in an array.

Due to their dynamic nature, these structures are well-suited for applications where the amount of data is unknown beforehand or varies over time.

Linked List Types and Their Operations

Linked lists are a fundamental data structure in Java and come in various forms, each suitable for different use cases. The two restricted versions mentioned in the exercise, stacks and queues, serve specific purposes.

A stack is a Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) structure where elements are added (pushed) and removed (popped) from the same end. This feature makes stacks ideal for tasks like undo mechanisms in text editors, where the most recent action should be the first to be reversed.

In contrast, a queue functions on a First-In, First-Out (FIFO) basis, with elements enqueued at one end and dequeued from the other. This behavior mirrors real-life queues, like people waiting in line, where newcomers join at the back and individuals at the front are the first to leave.

Both types provide different methods, such as peek to view the front element without removing it, and isEmpty to check if the structure has no elements, demonstrating various accessor or query operations.

Java Garbage Collection Simplified

Java garbage collection is a form of automatic memory management. As programmers create new objects, Java's runtime environment keeps track of these objects' lifecycles. When an object becomes unreachable—meaning no part of your code can use it any longer—the garbage collector steps in to reclaim the memory, thus preventing memory leaks that can hamper application performance or lead to crashes.

The garbage collector operates mostly in the background, without the need for explicit instructions from the developer. However, understanding its behavior and knowing when it might get triggered (e.g., when calling System.gc()) is beneficial for writing efficient Java programs that manage resources effectively.

For students, remembering that memory management in Java is mainly handled by the system can help focus on the logical aspects of programming, rather than the nitty-gritty details of memory allocation and deallocation.

Navigating Binary Trees with Traversal Algorithms

Tree traversal algorithms are methods for visiting all the nodes in a tree data structure, specifically in systematic ways that ensure each node is visited exactly once. In the context of binary trees—where each node has at most two children—three common traversal strategies are:

• Inorder Traversal: left subtree, root, right subtree.
• Preorder Traversal: root, left subtree, right subtree.
• Postorder Traversal: left subtree, right subtree, root.

Each method serves a particular purpose, such as inorder providing a sorted sequence in binary search trees. Understanding these algorithms reinforces the ability to manipulate and extract information from complex data structures.

By learning to apply these traversal methods, students gain deeper insight into non-linear structures, enabling them to handle hierarchical data like file systems or organizational structures effectively.