What is an abstract base class?

An abstract base class is a class that serves as a blueprint or a base for other classes, but it cannot be instantiated on its own. This means that you cannot create an object from an abstract base class itself. Instead, you must create a subclass or child class derived from the abstract base class, which inherits its properties and methods.

For example, let's say we are working with a program that deals with different shapes. We can create an abstract base class called `Shape`, with properties such as area and perimeter, and methods for calculating them. Now, we cannot create an object of type `Shape` since it doesn't specify a specific shape. We must create classes for specific shapes, like `Triangle`, `Square`, or `Circle`, which inherit from the abstract `Shape` class and implement the methods for calculating area and perimeter. ```python from abc import ABC, abstractmethod class Shape(ABC): @abstractmethod def area(self): pass @abstractmethod def perimeter(self): pass class Triangle(Shape): def __init__(self, base, height): self.base = base self.height = height def area(self): return 0.5 * self.base * self.height def perimeter(self): # ... implement the perimeter calculation for a triangle class Square(Shape): def __init__(self, side): self.side = side def area(self): return self.side ** 2 def perimeter(self): return self.side * 4 ```

Abstract base classes are important in object-oriented programming for several reasons: 1. Code Reusability: By defining common properties and methods in an abstract base class, you can avoid duplicating code in each subclass. This makes the code more maintainable and reduces the chance of errors. 2. Enforcing a Consistent Interface: Abstract base classes force subclasses to implement the abstract methods, ensuring that they all have the same interface. This makes the code easier to understand and work with. 3. Polymorphism: When you have a common abstract base class, you can write functions that accept objects of the derived classes as arguments. This allows you to write more flexible and reusable code.