Why is the selection sort more efficient than the bubble sort on large arrays?

Selection Sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm that works by dividing the input array into two parts—a sorted part and an unsorted part. The algorithm repeatedly selects the smallest (or largest) element from the unsorted part and moves it to the end of the sorted part. This process continues until the entire array is sorted.

Bubble Sort is another comparison-based sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly iterating through the array and comparing adjacent elements. If a pair of elements are found to be in the wrong order, they are swapped. This process continues until the entire array is sorted. The algorithm is called Bubble Sort because smaller elements "bubble" to the top of the array as they are swapped with larger elements.

The time complexity of Selection Sort is given by O(n^2) in the worst and average cases, and O(n^2) in the best case. This is because, in each pass, the algorithm must find the smallest (or largest) element in the unsorted part and swap it with the first unsorted element. The number of comparisons in each pass is reduced by one as the sorted part of the array grows.

The time complexity of Bubble Sort is O(n^2) in the worst and average cases, O(n) in the best case (when the array is already sorted). In each pass, Bubble Sort compares and possibly swaps adjacent elements, effectively "bubbling" the smallest or largest element to its correct position. The array needs to be traversed n-1 times, each pass taking O(n) time.

The reason why Selection Sort is more efficient than Bubble Sort on large arrays is the number of swaps performed during the sorting process. Selection Sort performs at most n swaps, whereas Bubble Sort performs O(n^2) swaps in the worst and average cases. Since swapping elements requires more time than just comparing them, the fewer number of swaps in Selection Sort results in better efficiency on large arrays. In summary, Selection Sort is considered more efficient than Bubble Sort when sorting large arrays because it performs fewer swaps overall, making it faster than Bubble Sort in such cases. However, it's important to note that both algorithms have a time complexity of O(n^2), making them inefficient for large datasets compared to more advanced sorting algorithms like Merge Sort and Quick Sort.