What is the call stack? What is a stack trace?

Answer: A call stack is a data structure used to keep track of active function calls in a program, while a stack trace is a report of the active function calls in the call stack at a specific point in time. The call stack is essential for maintaining the program's flow, nesting function calls, and accessing local variables and arguments. The stack trace, on the other hand, helps developers identify the location of errors and diagnose their root causes. Both the call stack and stack trace are crucial in understanding the runtime behavior of a program and diagnosing errors, as they provide insight into the sequence of events during execution, allow for efficient memory usage, and enable developers to pinpoint and fix programming issues effectively.