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Chapter 22: Problem 12

What is the unemployment rate supposed to measure and why is it an imperfect measure?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The unemployment rate measures the percentage of people actively seeking work but not employed. It is imperfect because it excludes discouraged workers, underemployment, and overqualified workers.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the definition of unemployment rate

The unemployment rate measures the percentage of people in the labor force who are actively seeking work but are not currently employed. It is calculated as: \[ \text{Unemployment Rate} = \frac{\text{Number of Unemployed People}}{\text{Labor Force}} \times 100 \ \text{Labor Force} = \text{Number of Employed People} + \text{Number of Unemployed People Actively Seeking Work} \]
02

Identify what the unemployment rate is supposed to measure

The unemployment rate is intended to measure the level of joblessness in an economy, indicating how many people who want to work cannot find jobs. This provides insights into the economic health of a country and helps policymakers make informed decisions.
03

Recognize the limitations of the unemployment rate

The unemployment rate is an imperfect measure because it does not account for discouraged workers who have stopped looking for work, underemployment (people working part-time who want full-time jobs), or those working jobs for which they are overqualified. These factors can paint a misleading picture of the true state of the labor market.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Labor Force
The labor force consists of all individuals who are of working age and are either employed or actively seeking employment. This group includes people working full-time, part-time, or those currently without a job but actively looking.

To be counted in the labor force, one must meet certain criteria:
  • Be of working age, typically 16 years and older.
  • Be employed, either part-time or full-time, or
  • Be unemployed but actively seeking work.
Understanding who is in the labor force is essential for calculating the unemployment rate. It provides a snapshot of the active participants in an economy's labor market. However, it's important to note that not everyone is counted in the labor force. People who are retired, pursuing education, or discouraged from seeking work are excluded.
Joblessness
Joblessness refers to the state of being without a job. It specifically includes those who are part of the labor force but are not currently employed and are actively seeking work.

The unemployment rate aims to measure joblessness. However, joblessness involves more than just counting people without jobs. It reflects broader economic conditions, such as:
  • Availability of jobs in the market.
  • Skills and qualifications of the labor force.
  • Economic policies affecting employment.
By understanding joblessness, policymakers can better design interventions to reduce unemployment and its associated impacts on individuals and the economy.
Underemployment
Underemployment is a critical concept that complements the unemployment rate. It occurs when individuals are working but not in capacities that fully use their skills, or when they are part-time workers wanting full-time positions.

Examples of underemployment include:
  • A highly skilled worker accepting a low-skill job due to a lack of suitable positions.
  • Individuals working fewer hours than they desire because of economic conditions.
Underemployment highlights the inefficiencies in the labor market. It suggests that available human resources are not being used optimally, which can be an indicator of economic stagnation or misalignment between job availability and skills.
Discouraged Workers
Discouraged workers are individuals who are not currently seeking employment due to the belief that no jobs are available for them. Although they desire to work and are able, they are not included in the unemployment rate calculation because they are not actively pursuing job opportunities.

Characteristics of discouraged workers include:
  • Given up job search due to repeated failures or lack of opportunities.
  • Often have skills and experience that are no longer in demand.
The exclusion of discouraged workers from the unemployment rate presents a gap in understanding the full scope of employment issues. Their plight reflects deeper systemic issues in the economy that need addressing to improve overall employment conditions.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The Labor Department reported that hiring accelerated in November, and the unemployment rate fell to 8.6 percent from 9 percent in October. Two reasons for the fall are that more Americans got jobs, but even more people gave up on their job searches altogether. Source: CNNMoney, December 2,2011 a. If the only change was that all the newly hired people had been unemployed in October, explain how the labor force and unemployment would have changed. b. If the only change was that people gave up on their job searches, explain how the labor force and unemployment would have changed.

The BLS reported that in July 2012 , employment decreased by 195,000 to 142,220,000 and the unemployment rate increased from 8.2 percent to 8.3 percent. About 3.4 million people were marginally attached workers and 0.9 million of them were discouraged. a. Calculate the change in unemployment in July 2012 b. With 3.4 million marginally attached workers and 0.9 million of them discouraged workers, what are the characteristics of the other 2.5 million marginally attached workers?

For the first six months of \(2008,\) the U.S. economy lost 438,000 jobs. The job losses in June were concentrated in manufacturing and construction, two sectors that have been badly battered in the recession. a. Based on the news clip, what might be the main source of increased unemployment? b. Based on the news clip, what might be the main type of increased unemployment?

According to Statistics New Zealand, in the fourth quarter of 2014 , the labor force was 2,394,000 employment equaled 2,254,500 , and working-age population was 2,984,600 in New Zealand. Calculate the a. Labor force participation rate. b. Employment-to-population ratio. c. Unemployment rate.

In July 2014 , in the economy of Sandy Island, 10,000 people were employed, 1,000 were unemployed, and 5,000 were not in the labor force. During August 2014,80 people lost their jobs and didn't look for new ones, 20 people quit their jobs and retired, 150 unemployed people were hired, 50 people quit the labor force, and 40 people entered the labor force to look for work. Calculate for July 2014 a. The unemployment rate. b. The employment-to-population ratio. And calculate for the end of August 2014 c. The number of people unemployed. d. The number of people employed. e. The unemployment rate.
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