Jason Furman and Tim Simcoe, who were at the time chair of and a senior economist for President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors, wrote, "Economists have studied [price discrimination] for many years, and while big data seems poised to revolutionize pricing practice, it has not altered the underlying principles.... Those principles suggest that [price discrimination] is often good for both firms and their customers." Furman and Simcoe described "needbased financial aid for college students" as an example of price discrimination that is good for consumers. a. What do Furman and Simcoe mean by "underlying principles"? b. In what sense is need-based financial aid an example of price discrimination? Is financial aid good for both colleges and students? Briefly explain.

When discussing the concept of need-based financial aid, we must first consider it as a form of price discrimination that is tailored to the financial situations of individual students.

At its core, need-based financial aid operates on the principle that education should be accessible to students regardless of their financial background. Colleges analyze the financial situation of each applicant and offer reduced tuition to those who cannot afford the full price. This system is inherently equitable, ensuring that students with fewer resources can pursue higher education without being limited by cost.

Equity in Education

This model promotes social mobility by allowing talent and hard work to be the primary factors in obtaining a university degree, rather than socioeconomic status. By adjusting prices according to need, colleges uphold the value that higher education should not be exclusive to those who can easily afford it.

Price discrimination is a widely used economic practice where essentially the same product is sold at varying prices to different segments of the market. This strategy is contingent on understanding and capitalizing on the variance in demand elasticity among different consumers.

In the context of education, this translates to the ability of colleges to adjust tuition fees on a per-student basis. For example, a student with a high demand elasticity for education may choose not to enroll if the price is too high. In contrast, students with lower price elasticity are less sensitive to price changes and are willing to pay more.

Maximizing Revenue

From an economic perspective, colleges aim to balance tuition in a way that maximizes revenue while filling classes. By employing price discrimination through financial aid, institutions can cater to a wider range of students, rather than losing potential attendees to cost-prohibitive tuition fees.

The elasticity of demand is a vital concept in understanding how students respond to the cost of education. It measures how the quantity of education demanded changes as its price changes. A high elasticity implies that students are very responsive to changes in price—when prices go up, the demand for education goes down significantly, and when prices decrease, more students are likely to enroll.

Now, consider the implications of this in the realm of higher education. Institutions that are highly sought after, perhaps due to prestige or quality of programs, have a lower elasticity of demand. Students who aspire to attend such schools may be less sensitive to price increases and therefore, the institution can charge higher tuition without a significant drop in enrollment.

Affordability vs. Prestige

Conversely, for less prestigious institutions, the elasticity of demand might be higher, meaning more students would be disinclined to enroll if faced with the same tuition increases. For these schools, need-based financial aid becomes a crucial tool to maintain a diverse student body and to ensure seats are filled, blending economic necessity with educational inclusivity.