Is it possible for Congress and the president to carry out an expansionary fiscal policy if the money supply does not increase? Briefly explain.

Government spending is a powerful tool used by policymakers to manage economic activity. It includes all types of government expenditures, like investments in infrastructure, payments for social services, and defense expenditure. During a downturn or recession, increasing government spending can kick-start economic activity by creating jobs, increasing consumer demand, and boosting private sector confidence.

To realize this economic stimulus, the government might invest in new projects, like construction of bridges or schools, or increase funding for existing programs. Yet, such actions often come with a financial burden. If the government doesn't have existing funds to cover this new spending, it may need to resort to deficit spending, financing these activities by borrowing money.

The money supply in an economy encompasses all the cash, coins, and other forms of money accessible to the public at a given time. It influences inflation rates, interest rates, and overall economic health. While not a fiscal policy tool, the money supply is closely connected to fiscal policy outcomes.

An increase in the money supply can lower interest rates, making borrowing cheaper for both consumers and businesses, often leading to an increase in spending and investment. However, without a corresponding increase in the money supply, expansionary fiscal policy can be challenging to implement. Regardless, the government has methods, such as issuing bonds, to finance spending without directly increasing money supply.

An economic stimulus refers to measures implemented by a government to encourage economic growth, particularly during times of financial strife. This often means increasing government spending, reducing taxes, or both. The aim here is to inject direct financial aid into the economy, promote higher consumption, and incentivize business investments, often in hopes of mitigating the effects of a recession.

While these measures can lead to short-term economic gains, they must be designed to be effective even without a corresponding increase in the money supply. The success of an economic stimulus largely depends on its scale, timing, and the economic context in which it's applied.

Deficit spending occurs when a government's expenditures surpass its revenue during a fiscal period. It's a deliberate strategy often employed during economic slowdowns as a component of expansionary fiscal policy. By spending more than it earns, the government attempts to fill the economic output gap, stimulating demand and production.

It's crucial for such spending to be sustainable. Continuous deficit spending might lead to an increase in public debt, which can dampen long-term economic growth if it becomes excessive. Therefore, while it can be an effective way to provide economic stimulus, governments need to carefully consider the long-term implications of increasing their debt levels.