What changes did the Dodd-Frank Act make in the Fed's operations? List three key proposals for changes in the Fed's operations or structure.

In response to the 2008 financial crisis, the United States recognized the need for comprehensive financial regulatory reform. This reform, anchored by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, aimed to minimize the risk of a future financial meltdown by enhancing the oversight and stability of the financial sector.

The Act itself implemented a series of extensive changes across financial regulatory agencies and market practices. This included, most importantly, the establishment of new regulatory bodies, the imposition of stricter capital requirements, the improvement of transparency in financial transactions, and the creation of new rules for derivatives trading. These measures were designed to close gaps in financial regulations, increase market discipline, and reduce the likelihood of systemically risky behaviors.

Examples of specific reforms include the Volcker Rule, which restricts banks from making certain types of speculative investments, and the requirement for 'living wills' where banks must devise plans for their rapid and orderly resolution in case of material financial distress or failure.

The significance of the Dodd-Frank Act in financial regulatory reform cannot be overstated. It reshaped the landscape of financial regulation in the US to create a more robust and vigilant framework, with an eye towards preventing the kinds of risky activities that led to the 2008 crash.

The creation of the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) is a cornerstone of the Dodd-Frank Act's effort to address systemic risk within the American financial system. This council serves as an early warning system to identify and respond to emerging threats to the financial stability of the United States.

As a collaborative body, the FSOC brings together the heads of the major financial regulatory agencies, such as the Treasury, Federal Reserve, Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. This integrated approach ensures that diverse viewpoints contribute to the risk assessment and regulatory processes.

Key functions of the Council include making recommendations to enhance market discipline, responding to emerging risks in the financial system, and designating non-bank financial companies and financial market utilities that are considered 'systemically important'. This last role allows for closer federal oversight of institutions whose distress or failure could pose a significant risk to the financial stability of the United States.

The FSOC also has the authority to recommend to the Federal Reserve heightened prudential standards and supervision for certain financial organizations. In essence, the FSOC operates to unify fragmented regulatory efforts and to promote a holistic approach to financial stabilization.

The Dodd-Frank Act instigated noteworthy changes in the Federal Reserve System, affecting its operations and structure significantly. One major change is the increased scrutiny of the Federal Reserve's emergency lending authorities.

Prior to the Act, the Federal Reserve could issue emergency loans to banks without much outside intervention. Post Dodd-Frank, such emergency lending now requires the approval of the Treasury Secretary, a step that enhances accountability and reduces the potential for arbitrary financial support to failing institutions.

Moreover, the process for electing Reserve Bank directors faced an overhaul to prevent banking industry figures from playing a dominant role in the Fed's governance, thus diminishing potential conflicts of interest and ensuring a wider range of perspectives in decision-making.

Another change saw the Fed's accountability to Congress increase, as the Act mandates more comprehensive and frequent reports to be submitted, including a semi-annual report on monetary policy. The motivation here was to bring more transparency to the Fed's operations, keeping the public and their representatives informed and involved in critical financial governance.

The Federal Reserve faced calls for further reforms, including suggestions to reduce its role in the supervision and regulation of banks. Critics argue such measures are necessary to prevent excessive concentration of power and to increase financial system stability through distributed oversight responsibilities.

Altogether, these changes aim to ensure the Federal Reserve operates with greater responsibility to the stability of the financial system while under the watchful eye of other government entities, signaling a shift towards a more balanced approach to financial oversight.