Which would you expect bonds and stocks to be, substitutes or complements? Explain.

Substitutes are items or goods that can be exchanged for one another, whereas complements are items that are typically used together or complement each other. In the context of investing, financial instruments can also be classified as substitutes or complements based on their relationship within a portfolio.

Bonds are fixed-income investments where the investor essentially lends money to a corporation or government entity in exchange for a series of interest payments and the return of principal at the end of the bond term. Bonds are typically considered safer and less volatile than stocks due to the fixed nature of their payments and their priority in the event of a company's liquidation.

Stocks are equity investments that represent ownership in a company. When investing in stocks, the investor seeks to profit from the company's growth and success through capital gains (an increase in the stock's value) and dividends. Stocks generally offer the potential for higher returns than bonds, but they also come with a higher level of risk and volatility.

Bonds and stocks can be considered substitutes in the sense that they are both types of financial investments that investors can allocate their money to. Investors may choose to invest in one over the other based on their risk tolerance, investment objectives, and market conditions. However, bonds and stocks can also be considered complements within a well-diversified investment portfolio. The rationale behind a diversified portfolio is to minimize risk by allocating investments across various asset classes that have different correlations to market movements. Since bonds and stocks often react differently to market conditions, including both in a portfolio can help reduce the overall risk and volatility. In this sense, they can be viewed as complements within a balanced investment strategy. In conclusion, bonds and stocks can be seen as both substitutes and complements depending on the context in which they are used. As individual investments, they may function as substitutes; however, when viewed within the larger scope of a well-diversified portfolio, they can serve as complements that help mitigate risk and achieve greater investment balance.