Why does the aggregate demand curve slope downward? Give real-world examples of the three effects that explain the slope of the curve.

The aggregate demand curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between the overall price level in an economy and the quantity of goods and services demanded by all its households, businesses, and government entities. The curve slopes downward, indicating that as the price level decreases (presuming everything else constant), the quantity of goods and services demanded increases.

The wealth effect refers to the change in consumer spending, resulting from a change in the perceived value of their assets. When the overall price level decreases, the purchasing power of money increases, making consumers feel wealthier. As a result, they tend to spend more, leading to an increase in aggregate demand. Real-world example: Suppose there is a decrease in the overall price level, which makes a household's savings account effectively worth more. This increased wealth will likely encourage the household to spend more on goods and services, contributing to the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve.

The interest rate effect is the change in borrowing and investment decisions that result from changes in the overall price level. When the price level decreases, people require less money to purchase goods and services. This tends to increase the supply of money available for lending and investing, leading to a decrease in interest rates. Lower interest rates encourage businesses and consumers to borrow and spend more, increasing aggregate demand. Real-world example: If there is a drop in the overall price level, a business might find it more attractive to borrow funds at lower interest rates to expand its operations, hire new employees, or invest in new technologies. This increased borrowing and spending contribute to the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve.

The exchange rate effect reflects the impact of changes in the overall price level on the demand for goods and services through foreign trade. When the price level in a country decreases, domestic goods and services become relatively less expensive compared to those in other countries. This makes domestic goods more attractive to foreign consumers, leading to an increase in exports and a rise in aggregate demand. Real-world example: Suppose there is a decrease in the overall price level in the United States. This makes U.S. products more affordable for buyers in other countries. As a result, foreign consumers will likely increase their purchases of U.S. goods, leading to a rise in U.S. exports and contributing to the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve. In conclusion, the aggregate demand curve slopes downward due to the wealth effect, interest rate effect, and exchange rate effect. These effects work together to increase the quantity of goods and services demanded in an economy as the overall price level decreases.