Why are bonds somewhat risky to buy, even though they make predetermined payments based on a fixed rate of interest?

Bonds are essentially loans that investors make to corporations or governments. The issuer of the bond agrees to pay the bondholder a fixed amount of interest, referred to as the coupon, on specific payment dates. At the end of the bond's term, the issuer then repays the face value of the bond (the principal) to the bondholder. However, there are several factors that contribute to the risks associated with bonds, such as: 1. Interest rate risk 2. Credit risk 3. Reinvestment risk We will explore these risks in detail to understand why bonds are considered somewhat risky despite having fixed interest payments.

Interest rate risk is the risk that an increase in market interest rates will cause the bond's market price to decrease. When interest rates rise, newly issued bonds will offer higher coupon rates than existing bonds, making existing bonds less attractive and decreasing their value in the market. The bond's market price decline can negatively impact the bondholder if they need to sell the bond before its maturity, as they may have to sell it at a lower price than they initially paid for it.

Credit risk refers to the likelihood that the bond issuer will default on their payment obligations. If the issuer fails to make the required interest payments (coupons) or fails to repay the principal at maturity, the bondholder faces a potential loss. The bond's credit risk depends on the financial stability and creditworthiness of the issuer. A higher credit risk typically means a higher risk of default, making the bond more risky for investors.

Reinvestment risk is the risk that an investor will not be able to reinvest the bond's cash flows (coupons and principal) at the same rate of interest that they received when they initially invested in the bond. This could happen when interest rates fall, and the investor is forced to reinvest their funds at a lower rate, potentially reducing their overall return on investment. Reinvestment risk impacts the bondholder's overall return and is considered another source of risk for bond investors. In conclusion, although bonds offer predetermined payments based on fixed interest rates, there are multiple factors, such as interest rate risk, credit risk, and reinvestment risk, that contribute to the overall risk associated with investing in bonds. These risks can impact bondholders' returns and serve as a reason why bonds are considered somewhat risky.