Given the danger of bank runs, why do banks not keep the majority of deposits on hand to meet the demands of depositors?

A bank run occurs when a large number of depositors, fearing that the bank might collapse, rush to withdraw their deposits at the same time. This can lead to a bank's failure, as it may not have enough cash on hand to meet the sudden demand for withdrawals.

Banks operate under a fractional reserve banking system, which implies that they are only required to keep a fraction of total deposits as reserves. The rest of the money is used to provide loans and make investments. This allows banks to earn a profit on the difference between the interest they pay on deposits and the interest they charge on loans.

There are a few reasons why banks don't keep the majority of deposits on hand: 1. Opportunity cost: By holding more cash than required, banks would miss out on the opportunity to earn profits from loans and investments. This would also lead to a higher cost of providing services to their customers. 2. Central bank regulations: Banks are required to maintain a certain level of reserves as mandated by the central bank. This requirement helps ensure that banks have enough cash to meet depositor demands, while also allowing for a functioning credit market. 3. Deposit insurance: To reduce the risk of bank runs, many countries have a deposit insurance system in place. This ensures that depositors' funds are protected up to a certain amount, even if the bank fails. 4. Access to the central bank's support: In extreme situations, banks can rely on the central bank's support through mechanisms such as lender of last resort, discount window borrowing, or emergency loans. This additional support can help banks manage unexpected liquidity needs.

Banks have various strategies and measures in place to manage the risk of bank runs, such as: 1. Diversification of assets: Banks invest in a diverse range of assets to spread the risks and minimize the possibility of large losses. 2. Monitoring depositor behavior: Banks monitor their depositors' behavior to identify any signs of potential panic or unusual withdrawal patterns, allowing them to respond proactively and manage the situation. 3. Efficient communication: Maintaining transparent communication with depositors and providing accurate information about the bank's financial health can help prevent panic and reduce the chances of a bank run. In conclusion, banks do not keep the majority of deposits on hand due to the opportunity cost and regulatory requirements. Instead, they manage the risk of bank runs through diversification, monitoring depositor behavior, efficient communication, and reliance on central bank support if needed.