What is the difference between a budget deficit and the national debt?

A budget deficit occurs when a government's expenditure exceeds its revenue during a specific financial year. In other words, the government spends more money than it receives (from taxes and other sources), resulting in a shortfall. A budget deficit is typically expressed as a negative number.

The national debt, on the other hand, refers to the accumulated amount of debt that a government owes as a result of borrowing money over the years. This debt is created as the government issues various debt securities such as Treasury bonds and bills to finance its expenditures. When a government is unable to cover its budget deficits using only its revenue, it borrows money, and as a result, the national debt increases. National debt includes all the loans, bonds, and other forms of borrowing that a government has undertaken since its inception.

The key difference between a budget deficit and the national debt is time. A budget deficit refers to the shortfall in a government's revenue for a specific financial year, whereas the national debt is the accumulated debt of a government over time. While budget deficits are a contributing factor to the national debt, they are not the same concept. If a government continuously experiences budget deficits, its national debt will continue to grow. However, if a budget surplus is achieved, the government can use that surplus to reduce its national debt. In summary, a budget deficit is the shortfall in a government's revenue for a specific financial year, while the national debt is the total accumulated debt of a government over time. The two concepts are related, but they represent different financial measures.