If opening up to free trade would benefit a nation, then why do nations not just eliminate their trade barriers, and not bother with international trade negotiations?

Free trade refers to the policy of allowing countries to trade goods and services with each other without any restrictions or barriers such as tariffs, quotas, or subsidies. This concept is based on the idea that countries can benefit from specializing in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage and trading for the goods and services they are less efficient at producing.

Trade barriers are restrictions imposed by governments on international trade. Some common trade barriers include: 1. Tariffs: Taxes imposed on imported goods. 2. Quotas: Limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported. 3. Subsidies: Financial support provided to domestic industries to make them more competitive in the global market. 4. Non-tariff barriers: These can be regulations, standards, or any other measures that make it difficult for foreign products to enter a domestic market.

Removing trade barriers can provide several benefits to a nation, including: 1. Greater access to foreign markets which can lead to increased exports and economic growth. 2. Lower prices for consumers due to increased competition and reduced domestic monopolies. 3. Improved efficiency in domestic industries as they are forced to compete with more efficient foreign producers. 4. Access to a wider variety of goods and services, improving the choices available to consumers.

Despite the potential benefits of eliminating trade barriers, nations often engage in international trade negotiations rather than unilaterally removing their barriers. Some reasons for this approach are: 1. Reciprocity: By engaging in trade negotiations, countries can ensure that they receive reciprocal benefits from their trading partners in the form of reduced barriers on their exports. 2. Protecting Domestic Industries: Governments may strategically use trade negotiations to maintain or impose trade barriers on selected industries in order to protect jobs, support specific industries, or maintain national security. 3. Addressing Non-Tariff Barriers: Trade negotiations can address non-tariff barriers that often exist due to different regulations, standards, and customs between countries. Coordinated efforts are needed to harmonize these regulatory differences. 4. Preventing Trade Wars: Negotiations can facilitate cooperation and prevent retaliatory trade wars where countries impose trade barriers against each other, leading to a downward spiral of protectionism and reduced global trade. 5. Enhancing Global Trade Rules: Trade negotiations can also help establish and refine the rules governing global trade. This helps ensure that trade is more predictable, transparent, and fair for all countries involved. In conclusion, while opening up to free trade can benefit a nation, countries often choose to engage in international trade negotiations to secure reciprocal benefits, protect certain domestic industries, and promote the establishment of a fair and predictable global trading system.