What three factors will determine whether a nation has a higher or lower share of trade relative to its GDP?

The size of a nation's economy is a determinant of its trade share relative to GDP. Larger economies, such as the United States or China, often have a lower trade-to-GDP ratio, as their large domestic markets can satisfy most of their demand internally. A smaller nation, on the other hand, may rely more heavily on trade to meet its domestic demand, resulting in a higher trade-to-GDP ratio.

The degree of economic openness is another key factor in determining a nation's trade-to-GDP ratio. A more open economy—one with fewer trade barriers and restrictions—will encourage a higher share of trade relative to its GDP. An open economy will more easily and efficiently exchange goods, services, and capital with other countries, thereby promoting trade. Conversely, a nation with a closed economy—one with high tariffs and strict regulations—will have a lower trade-to-GDP ratio, as it discourages both imports and exports.

The geographic location and infrastructure of a nation play a significant role in determining its share of trade relative to GDP. Countries located in central trade hubs or near large markets (e.g., European Union countries or nations in East Asia) will generally have a higher trade-to-GDP ratio, as their proximity to large markets supports the exchange of goods and services. Additionally, well-developed infrastructure—including ports, roads, and railways—can greatly facilitate trade, leading to a higher trade-to-GDP ratio. In summary, the three factors that will determine whether a nation has a higher or lower share of trade relative to its GDP are the size of the economy, the degree of economic openness, and the geographic location and infrastructure.