Compared with the share of workers in most other high-income countries, is the share of U.S. workers whose wages are determined by union bargaining higher or lower? Why or why not?

Union bargaining refers to the process where representatives of labor unions negotiate with the employers on behalf of workers to determine working conditions, wages, and other benefits. This method of determining wages is an alternative to individual wage negotiation between the employee and employer.

In the United States, the share of workers whose wages are determined by union bargaining is relatively low. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2020, only 10.8% of U.S. workers were members of unions, and union representation (including non-members) was 11.6%.

The share of workers whose wages are determined by union bargaining in the U.S. is generally lower compared to most high-income countries. For example, in 2019, the union membership rate in the European Union was approximately 23%, and many high-income countries like Sweden, Denmark, and Finland have union membership rates above 60%. In countries like Germany and France, even though union membership is low, union agreements are extended to non-member workers, covering a large share of the total workforce.

There are several factors contributing to the differences in unionization between the U.S. and other high-income countries: 1. Labor policies and laws: Labor policies in the U.S. tend to be more pro-business and less supportive of unions compared to those in other high-income countries, making it more difficult for unions to organize and engage in collective bargaining. 2. Historical factors: The decline of union membership in the U.S. can be traced back to several historical events such as the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, which curtailed union activities, and the decline of manufacturing jobs that were traditionally unionized. 3. Corporate opposition: Many large U.S. companies have historically been hostile towards unions and have engaged in various tactics to discourage or prevent workers from unionizing, such as hiring anti-union consultants and threatening to relocate or close facilities if workers unionize. 4. Union reputation: Unions in the U.S. have sometimes been associated with corruption and inefficiency, which might dissuade workers from joining or participating in collective bargaining. In conclusion, the share of U.S. workers whose wages are determined by union bargaining is lower compared to most other high-income countries, largely due to a combination of labor policies, historical events, corporate opposition, and perception of unions.