Why can firms not just use their own profits for financial capital, with no need for outside investors?

Financial capital is the money a firm uses to fund its operations and growth. It can come from a variety of sources, including equity (ownership in the company) or debt (borrowing money). When a firm uses its own profits to finance its activities, it's called "internal financing." However, relying solely on internal financing might not be sufficient for several reasons, which we will address in the following steps.

There are several reasons why firms might not be able to rely solely on their own profits for financial capital: 1. **Insufficient profits**: Especially in the early stages of a company, profits might not be large enough to cover all the necessary investments in equipment, staff, marketing, or research and development. In these cases, outside investors can provide the funds required for growth and expansion. 2. **Risk management**: Using only internal financing can put excessive pressure on the company's cash flow and impact its operational stability. By incorporating outside investors into the financial mix, companies can minimize risk by diversifying their sources of capital. 3. **Timing**: A firm may need to invest in growth opportunities quickly before its competitors do or before market conditions change. The pace at which internal funds accumulate may not be fast enough to leverage those opportunities, necessitating outside investment.

Outside investors provide various benefits to a firm: 1. **Funding**: As mentioned earlier, outside investors can provide the necessary funds for a firm's growth and expansion, particularly when its profits are not sufficient. 2. **Expertise and connections**: Some investors—such as venture capitalists or angel investors—can bring strategic advice, valuable industry knowledge, and introductions to potential partners or clients along with their investment. 3. **Long-term commitment and stability**: Outside investors often invest in a firm's growth for the long run, helping the company to grow more stable over time and increasing its chance of success. 4. **Enhanced credibility**: Securing financing from reputable investors can improve a firm's reputation and credibility, making it easier to attract new customers and partners or to secure additional funding sources.

Although a firm can initially use its own profits for financing, it's often not enough to support growth and expansion. Outside investors play a crucial role in providing financial capital, risk management, expertise, credibility, and long-term commitment. Therefore, firms generally cannot rely solely on their own profits for financial capital and benefit greatly from the support of outside investors.