Under which circumstances does the tax burden fall entirely on consumers?

The tax burden is the portion of a tax that is paid by consumers and producers. It is influenced by the elasticity of supply and demand, which measures the degree to which the quantity supplied or demanded changes in response to a change in price.

Price elasticity of demand refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. In general, when the demand is inelastic (price elasticity < 1), consumers are less responsive to price changes. On the other hand, when the demand is elastic (price elasticity > 1), consumers are more responsive to price changes. Similarly, price elasticity of supply refers to the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price. When the supply is inelastic (price elasticity < 1), producers are less responsive to price changes, while when the supply is elastic (price elasticity > 1), producers are more responsive to price changes.

Taxes cause a shift in either the demand or the supply curve, depending on whether the tax is imposed on consumers or producers. When a tax is imposed, the market will reach a new equilibrium point, resulting in a change in the price and the quantity traded.

For the tax burden to fall entirely on consumers, the price paid by them must increase by the full amount of the tax, while the price received by producers remains the same. In this situation, consumers will bear the entire tax burden. From the concepts of price elasticity, we know that the change in price is distributed between consumers and producers depending on the elasticity of supply and demand. Therefore, for the tax burden to fall entirely on consumers: 1. Demand must be inelastic (price elasticity < 1) – Consumers will not significantly change their consumption when the price goes up, hence still buying the product despite the tax imposed on them. 2. Supply must be elastic (price elasticity > 1) – Producers will be highly responsive to price changes, quickly adjusting their production levels according to the new market conditions. With an elastic supply, a tax increase will not significantly affect the quantity supplied, resulting in minimal impact on producers. In summary, the tax burden falls entirely on consumers when demand is inelastic and supply is elastic. Under such conditions, consumers are not sensitive to price changes and will continue to buy the product despite the tax, while producers can quickly respond to price changes and maintain their prices despite the tax.