Identify and discuss two sources of nutrient loss during forest harvest and management.

Soil erosion is a major source of nutrient loss during forest harvest and management. It occurs when the top layer of soil, which contains most of the nutrients, becomes loose or detached and is carried away by wind or water. Forest harvest activities, such as logging, clear-cutting, and site preparation, can remove the protective layer of vegetation, exposing the soil to erosion. Moreover, the use of heavy equipment can compact the soil, reducing its ability to absorb water and increasing surface runoff. In order to minimize soil erosion, proper forest management techniques should be followed. These include implementing selective harvesting practices, maintaining buffer strips around streams and fragile areas, and conducting soil stabilization measures such as reforestation or mulching.

Nutrient leaching is another source of nutrient loss during forest harvest and management. Leaching refers to the process of nutrients being washed out of the soil, usually by rainwater or irrigation. As water moves through the soil, it dissolves nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are then carried deeper into the soil or into water bodies such as rivers and lakes. Forest harvest activities can accelerate this process by disturbing the soil structure and removing the organic matter that binds nutrients to the soil. To mitigate nutrient leaching, proper forest management techniques should be implemented. These include: (1) applying fertilizers at the appropriate rate and time to meet the nutrient demands of the trees, (2) maintaining a diverse mixture of tree species and age classes to promote nutrient cycling, and (3) protecting the soil surface with cover crops or mulch to reduce water movement through the soil and increase nutrient retention.