Chapter 7: Problem 12

How does countercurrent circulation work, and what function does it serve?

Short Answer

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Answer: Countercurrent circulation is the flow of two fluids in opposite directions, in close proximity to each other, which facilitates efficient exchange of substances, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, heat, or ions. The primary function of countercurrent circulation in animals is to enable efficient exchange of substances between two fluids, allowing them to maintain optimal body temperature and ensure efficient gas exchange for respiration.

Step by step solution

Definition of Countercurrent Circulation

Countercurrent circulation refers to the flow of two fluids in opposite directions, in close proximity to each other, such as blood and water flowing in fish gills or blood flowing through the limbs of birds and mammals. This mechanism allows efficient exchange of substances (such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, heat, or ions) between the two fluids.

Describe the Mechanism

In countercurrent circulation, the fluid that needs to exchange substances (e.g., blood) flows in the opposite direction relative to the other fluid (e.g., water in fish gills). This creates a concentration gradient that facilitates efficient exchange, as substances flow naturally from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Explain the Benefits

Countercurrent circulation offers several benefits, including: 1. Improved efficiency in exchanging substances. 2. Maintaining a constant concentration gradient. 3. Reducing energy consumption, as energy is not needed to maintain the gradient. 4. Allowing animals to adapt to different environments, such as varying water temperatures or oxygen levels.

Provide Examples

Some examples of countercurrent circulation in animals include: 1. Fish gills: Fish absorb oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide through their gills, which contain blood vessels flowing in the opposite direction to the water. This ensures efficient gas exchange by maintaining a stable concentration gradient. 2. Mammals and birds: Countercurrent circulation in limbs helps to regulate body temperature, as blood flowing back to the body's core is warmed by blood flowing out to the extremities. This prevents heat loss and conserves energy.

Explain the Function

The primary function of countercurrent circulation is to enable efficient exchange of substances between two fluids, such as gases or heat. Countercurrent circulation allows animals to adapt to their environment, especially when it comes to maintaining optimal body temperature and ensuring efficient gas exchange for respiration.

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How does countercurrent circulation work, and what function does it serve?

Short Answer

Step by step solution

Definition of Countercurrent Circulation

Describe the Mechanism

Explain the Benefits

Provide Examples

Explain the Function

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