Chapter 4: Problem 13

What is plate tectonics, and how does this theory explain past movements of the continents? How have past tectonic movements affected the present-day distribution of plant and animal species on Earth's surface?

Short Answer

Expert verified

Plate tectonics is a theory explaining the movements of Earth's crust—divided into several plates—over the semi-fluid layer of the mantle. It also explains continental drift, or the shifting positions of the continents over millions of years. These tectonic movements, over Earth's history, have shaped the geographical distribution of species, causing species to evolve differently in different places due to geographical isolation.

Step by step solution

Understand the Theory of Plate Tectonics

First, it's essential to know about the theory of plate tectonics. This theory suggests that the Earth's outer shell, called the lithosphere, is divided into several plates that float on the semi-fluid layer of the mantle beneath. The movement of these plates causes Earth's geographical features like mountains, volcanoes, and deep ocean trenches.

Link the Theory to the Continents' Movements

The theory of plate tectonics not only explains Earth's geographical features but also explains the movement of continents. Over millions of years, these tectonic plates have moved, causing the continents to shift their positions as well. Known as continental drift, this phenomenon was first theorized by Alfred Wegener.

Understand the Effects of Tectonic Movements on Species Distribution

Over the course of Earth's history, the tectonic movements have affected the distribution of plant and animal species. This happens as the continents drifted apart or converge, leading to species spillover or separation. The geographical barriers created by these movements can isolate species, causing them to evolve differently in different places.

Cement Understanding with Examples

For instance, the unique fauna on Australia, such as kangaroos and koalas, is largely due to the continent's separation from the supercontinent Gondwana. Similarly, the presence of tropical rainforests around the equator can trace their origins to the continent drift, bearing different species of plants and animals.

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What is plate tectonics, and how does this theory explain past movements of the continents? How have past tectonic movements affected the present-day distribution of plant and animal species on Earth's surface?

Short Answer

Step by step solution

Understand the Theory of Plate Tectonics

Link the Theory to the Continents' Movements

Understand the Effects of Tectonic Movements on Species Distribution

Cement Understanding with Examples

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