Describe the hypothesis of seafloor spreading. (C)

Seafloor spreading is a geologic process in which the Earth's oceanic crust slowly moves away from underwater volcanic ridges, creating new oceanic crust. It was first proposed by Harry Hess in the early 1960s as a mechanism related to continental drift and the formation of Earth's tectonic plates. This hypothesis is crucial in understanding the dynamic nature of the Earth's lithosphere and contributes to the development of the theory of plate tectonics.

The process of seafloor spreading begins with the formation of new crust at the mid-ocean ridges. These ridges are long, narrow volcanic features found on the ocean floor, where two tectonic plates are diverging (or moving apart). Here, the hot molten material called magma from the Earth's mantle rises up through the crust, as the plates pull apart from each other. The magma then cools down and solidifies, forming a new crust beneath the ocean. As new crust continues to form, it pushes the existing crust further away from the ridge in both directions. This causes the seafloor to spread, leading to the expansion of the ocean basin.

Several pieces of evidence support the hypothesis of seafloor spreading: 1. Age of the ocean floor: The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are found at the mid-ocean ridges, while the older rocks are located farther away from the ridges. This age distribution confirms the idea that new crust forms at the ridges and spreads outward over time. 2. Magnetic stripes: As the new crust forms, it records the Earth's magnetic field. The study of the magnetic patterns on the ocean floor revealed alternating bands of reversed and normal polarity that were symmetrical on both sides of the mid-ocean ridges. This symmetry supports the idea of crust formation at the ridges and symmetrical spreading. 3. Deep ocean trenches: The oldest oceanic crust eventually encounters a continental plate or another denser oceanic plate, and it is forced to subduct, or slide beneath the other plate. This process results in the formation of deep-sea trenches, further supporting the concept of active seafloor spreading.

Understanding seafloor spreading has had a significant impact on Earth science. It has led to the development of plate tectonics theory, which explains the movement of continents and the formation of Earth's major geological features, such as mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes. In addition, seafloor spreading has helped scientists to understand the Earth's magnetic field, paleoclimate, and the distribution of natural resources. Overall, the hypothesis of seafloor spreading has significantly advanced our understanding of our planet's dynamic geologic processes.