Chapter 12: Problem 17

How do the elastic-rebound theory and asperities help explain the nature of faulting? In your explanation, relate the concepts of stress (force) and strain (deformation) along a fault. How does this lead to rupture and earthquake?

Short Answer

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The elastic-rebound theory explains that the Earth's crust deforms under stress until it exceeds its elastic limit, causing it to rupture and release stored energy, in the form of an earthquake. Asperities, patches of rock that stick together along a fault, increase the amount of stress needed for rupture. When these asperities finally break under strain, they can trigger significant earthquakes.

Step by step solution

Understanding Elastic-Rebound Theory

The Elastic-Rebound theory was proposed by H. F. Reid to explain the occurrence of earthquakes. According to this theory, when a material (like the Earth's crust) is subjected to stress, it deforms elastically up to a point (elastic limit). The energy that is spent in deforming the material is stored in it. Once the stress exceeds the elastic limit, the material ruptures, releasing the stored energy.

Understanding Asperities and their role

Asperities are patches along a fault where the rocks hold firmly to each other, despite the stress. Until the stress are great enough to break these asperities, the rocks remain stuck while the rest of the fault slides. When an asperity finally gives way, it can trigger the release of vast amounts of energy.

Stress and Strain

Stress refers to the force applied, and strain refers to the deformation that results from the stress. In the context of tectonic earthquakes, stress build up causes strain in the form of deformation of rock formations. When the stress along a fault exceeds the strength of the asperities, strain is relieved in the form of an earthquake.

Rupture and Earthquake

When the accumulated strain overcomes the asperities (strong spots along a fault), rupture occurs. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake, resulting in an earthquake.

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How do the elastic-rebound theory and asperities help explain the nature of faulting? In your explanation, relate the concepts of stress (force) and strain (deformation) along a fault. How does this lead to rupture and earthquake?

Short Answer

Step by step solution

Understanding Elastic-Rebound Theory

Understanding Asperities and their role

Stress and Strain

Rupture and Earthquake

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