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Chapter 2: Q. 42 (page 166)
For each function f and value x = c in Exercises 35–44, use a sequence of approximations to estimate . Illustrate your work with an appropriate sequence of graphs of secant lines.
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The total yearly expenditures by public colleges and universities from 1990 to 2000 can be modeled by the function , where expenditures are measured in billions of dollars and time is measured in years since 1990.
(a) Estimate the total yearly expenditures by these colleges and universities in 1995.
(b) Compute the average rate of change in yearly expenditures between 1990 and 2000.
(c) Compute the average rate of change in yearly expenditures between 1995 and 1996.
(d) Estimate the rate at which yearly expenditures of public colleges and universities were increasing in 1995.
use the definition of the derivative to prove the quotient rule
Every morning Linda takes a thirty-minute jog in Central Park. Suppose her distance s in feet from the oak tree on the north side of the park minutes after she begins her jog is given by the function shown that follows at the left, and suppose she jogs on a straight path leading into the park from the oak tree.
(a) What was the average rate of change of Linda’s distance from the oak tree over the entire thirty-minute jog? What does this mean in real-world terms?
(b) On which ten-minute interval was the average rate of change of Linda’s distance from the oak tree the greatest: the first minutes, the second minutes, or the lastminutes?
(c) Use the graph of to estimate Linda’s average velocity during the -minute interval from. What does the sign of this average velocity tell you in real-world terms?
(d) Approximate the times at which Linda’s (instantaneous) velocity was equal to zero. What is the physical significance of these times?
(e) Approximate the time intervals during Linda’s jog that her (instantaneous) velocity was negative. What does a negative velocity mean in terms of this physical example?
Stuart left his house at noon and walked north on Pine Street for minutes. At that point he realized he was late for an appointment at the dentist, whose office was located south of Stuart’s house on Pine Street; fearing he would be late, Stuart sprinted south on Pine Street, past his house, and on to the dentist’s office. When he got there, he found the office closed for lunch; he was minutes early for his appointment. Stuart waited at the office for minutes and then found out that his appointment was actually for the next day, so he walked back to his house. Sketch a graph that describes Stuart’s position over time. Then sketch a graph that describes Stuart’s velocity over time.
State the chain rule for differentiating a composition of two functions expressed
(a) in “prime” notation and
(b) in Leibniz notation.
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