Pie Charts. In Exercises 13 and 14, construct the pie chart.

Journal Retractions Use the data from Exercise 11 “Journal Retractions.”

The data on the number of retractions of journals that have occurred due to various reasons is given.

A pie chart is a graph that depicts the proportion of different frequencies of the total as a segment of a circle/pie. The category with the highest frequency represents the largest slice on the chart, and the category with the lowest frequency represents the smallest slice on the chart.

The following table shows the number of retractions:

The steps to sketch a pie-chart are as follows:

• Tabulate the values corresponding to the different categories.
• Compute the degrees on the circle (out of 360 degrees) for each category using the given formula:

$\text{Degree}\text{on}\text{the}\text{circle}=\frac{\text{Frequency}\text{of}\text{the}\text{category}}{\text{Total}\text{frequency}}\times 360°$

The total frequency is computed below:

$888+436+291+287+201=2103$

The degrees corresponding to each reason are computed below:

$$\begin{gathered} \text{Fraud}=\frac{888}{2103}\times 360° \\ =152° \\ \text{Error}=\frac{436}{2103}\times 360° \\ =75° \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} \text{Duplication}=\frac{291}{2103}\times 360° \\ =50° \\ \text{Other}=\frac{287}{2103}\times 360° \\ =49° \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} \text{Plagiarism}=\frac{201}{2103}\times 360° \\ =34° \end{gathered}$$

The above values are rounded off so as to get a total of 360 degrees.

• Mark the angles on a circle corresponding to the degrees computed for each category using a protractor.
• Represent each category with a different color.

The following pie chart is constructed: