Using Probability to Form Conclusions. In Exercises 37–40, use the given probability value to determine whether the sample results could easily occur by chance, then form a conclusion.

Buckle Up A study of the effect of seatbelt use in head-on passenger car collisions found that drivers using a seatbelt had a 64.1% survival rate, while drivers not using a seatbelt had a 41.5% survival rate. If seatbelts have no effect on survival rate, there is less than a 0.0001 chance of getting these results (based on data from “Mortality Reduction with Air Bag and Seat Belt Use in Head-on Passenger Car Collisions,” by Crandall, Olson, Sklar, American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 153, No. 3). What do you conclude?

There is a 64.1% survival among drivers who use seat belts.

There is a 41.5% survival among drivers who do not use seat belts.

The probability that these results occur by chance is less than 0.0001.

The measure of the likelihood of a result is provided by itsprobability value.

Its value ranges from 0 to 1.

If a value is considerably low (lower than 0.05), the event has a low chance of occurring.

Assuming the condition that seatbelts do not affect the survival rate, it is stated that the sample results have a 0.0001 probability of occurring.

This implies that 1 in 10,000 results occur by chance.

Theprobabilityvalue isvery low, and hence the chance of the results are not obtained by chance.

As the probability that the results have occurred by chance is extremely low, it can be concluded that there is sufficient evidence to accept the condition that the use of seatbelts can affect the survival rate of drivers.