Critical Thinking: Interpreting results from a test for smoking

It is estimated that roughly half of smokers lie when asked about their smoking involvement. Pulse Co-Oximeters may be a way to get information about smoking without relying on patients’ statements. Pulse CO-oximeters use light that shines through a fingernail, and it measures carbon monoxide in blood. These devices are used by firemen and emergency departments to detect carbon monoxide poisoning, but they can also be used to identify smokers. The accompanying table lists results from people aged 18–44 when the pulse CO-oximeters is set to detect a 6% or higher level of carboxyhemoglobin (based on data from “Carbon Monoxide Test Can Be Used to Identify Smoker,” by Patrice Wendling, Internal Medicine News, Vol. 40., No. 1, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

CO-Oximetry Test for Smoking

	Positive Test Results	Negative Test Results
Smoker	49	57
Non-smoker	24	370

Negative Predictive Value Find the negative predictive value of the test by finding the probability that the subject does not smoke, given that the test yields a negative result..

The results from people aged 18-44 to detect the level of carboxyhemoglobin are based on the data from “Carbon Monoxide Test” used to identify smokers.

A conditional probability of event is a probability obtained with the additional information that some other event has already occurred.

Notation for conditional probability isdenotes the conditional probability of event B occurring, given that event A has already occurred.

Formula for conditional probability is as,

$P\left(B|A\right)=\frac{P\left(A \text{and} B\right)}{P\left(A\right)}$

Where,

$P\left(A \text{and} B\right)= \text{Probability} \text{of} \text{A} \text{and} \text{B} \text{both} \text{occurring}$

$P\left(A\right)=\text{Probability} \text{of} \text{occurring} \text{event} A$

The test for smoking involves 500 people. Out of the 500 people, 106 are smokers and 394 are non-smokers. And, 73 people got the positive test results and 427 got the negative test results.

The above information is summarizedin the following table,

The probability that a subject does not smoke, given that the test yields a negative result. Here,define the two events as:A be the event that the test yields a negative result, and B be the event that the subject does not smoke.

The probabilitythat a subject does not smoke, given that the test yields a negative result,$P\left(B|A\right)$.

By using conditional probability,

$P\left(B|A\right)=\frac{P\left(A \text{and} B\right)}{P\left(A\right)} ...\left(1\right)$

The probability that the test yields a negative result is,

$$\begin{gathered} P\left(A\right)=\frac{\text{Number}\text{of}\text{subjects with negative} \text{test} \text{reults}}{\text{Total subjects surveyed}} \\ =\frac{427}{500} \end{gathered}$$

The probability that a subject does not smoke and had negative test result is,

$$\begin{gathered} P\left(A \text{and} B\right)=\frac{\text{Number of subjects who does not}\text{smoke and yield negative test result}}{\text{Total}} \\ =\frac{370}{500} \end{gathered}$$

The negative predictive value is the probability that a subject does not smoke, given that the test yields a negative result.

Substitute $P\left(\text{subject does not smoke and yield neagtive test result}\right)$and$P\left(\text{Negative result of test}\right)$ in equation (1),

$$\begin{gathered} P\left(\text{B|A}\right)=\frac{P\left(A \text{and} B\right)}{P\left(A\right)} \\ =\frac{\frac{370}{500}}{\frac{427}{500}} \\ =\frac{370}{427} \\ =0.8665 \end{gathered}$$

Thus, the probability that a subject smoke, given that the test yields a negative result is 0.866.