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Chapter 4: Q 1.4. (page 233)

Does eating dinner with their families improve students’ academic performance? According to an ABC News article, “Teenagers who eat with their families at least five times a week are more likely to get better grades in

school.”19 This finding was based on a sample survey conducted by researchers at Columbia University.

Explain clearly why such a study cannot establish a cause-and-effect

relationship. Suggest a lurking variable that may be confounded

with whether families eat dinner together.

Short Answer

Expert verified

It impossible to precisely identify causative and effective relationships in such a sample.

Step by step solution

01

Given information

Teenagers who eat with their family at least five times per week are more likely to excel academically.

02

Concept

Confounding occurs when the effects of two variables on the same response variable cannot be distinguished from one another.

03

Explanation

Confounding variables not included in the analysis, such as differences in output time between laptops, total emissions from other nearby items that may affect the laptop atmosphere and produce higher temperatures for some laptops than others, make it impossible to precisely identify causative and effective relationships in such a sample.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Pain relief study Fizz Laboratories, a pharmaceutical company, has developed a new drug for relieving chronic pain. Sixty patients suffering from arthritis and needing pain relief are available. Each patient will be treated and asked an hour later, “About what percent of pain relief did you experience?”

(a) Why should Fizz not simply administer the new drug and record the patients’ responses?

(b) Should the patients be told whether they are getting the new drug or a placebo? How would this knowledge probably affect their reactions?

Is it an SRS? A corporation employs 2000male and 500 female engineers. A stratified random sample of 200 male and 50 female engineers gives each engineer 1 chance in 10 to be chosen. This sample design gives every individual in the population the same chance to be chosen for the sample. Is it an SRS? Explain your answer.

What is the purpose of the control group in this experiment?

When we take a census, we attempt to collect data from

(a) a stratified random sample.

(b) every individual selected in an SRS.

(c) every individual in the population.

(d) a voluntary response sample.

(e) a convenience sample.

The manager of a sports arena wants to learn more about the financial status of the people who are attending an NBA basketball game. He would like to give a survey to a representative sample of the more than 20,000 fans in attendance. Ticket prices for the game vary a great deal: seats near the court cost over \(100 each, while seats in the top rows of the arena cost \)25 each. The arena is divided into 30 numbered sections, from 101 to 130 Each section has rows of seats labeled with letters from A (nearest the court) to ZZ (top row of the arena).

3 Which would be a better way to take a cluster sample of fans: using the lettered rows or the numbered sections as clusters? Explain.
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