Chapter 1: Q 22. (page 24)

Smoking by students and parents Refer to Exercise 20. Calculate three conditional distributions of students’ smoking behavior: one for each of the three parental smoking categories. Describe the relationship between the smoking behaviors of students and their parents in a few sentences.

Short Answer

Expert verified

Parents who do not smoke have a higher percentage of students who do not smoke, while parents who do smoke have a higher percentage of students who smoke.

Step by step solution

Given Information

The given data for neither parent smoking, one parent smoking, and both parents smoking is displayed in below table:

	Neither parent smokes	One parent smokes	Both parents smoke
The student does not smoke	1168	1823	1380
Student smokes	188	416	400

Concept

The distribution of a category variable is displayed using pie charts and bar graphs. Any set of quantities measured in the same units can be compared using bar graphs. It's a good idea to ask yourself, "What do I see?" when looking at any graph.

Calculation

The following is a conditional distribution of student smoking behavior for 'Neither Parent Smoke':

The conditional distribution of students smoking behavior for parents smoking behavior
Student smoking behaviour	Neither parent smoke
	Total No.	Percentage
The student does not smoke	1169	$\frac{1168}{1356} \times 100$	86.1
Student smokes	188	$\frac{188}{1356} \times 100$	13.9
Total	1356

The following is a conditional distribution of student smoking behavior for 'one parent smoke':

the conditional distribution of students smoking behavior for parents smoking behavior
Student smoking behaviour	One parent smoke
	Total No.	Percentage
Student does not smoke	1823	$\frac{1823}{2329} \times 100$	81.4
Student smokes	416	$\frac{416}{2329} \times 100$	18.6
Total	2239		100

The following is a conditional distribution of student smoking behavior for 'both parents smoke':

The conditional distribution of students smoking behavior for parents smoking behavior
Student smoking behaviour	Both parents smoke
	Total no.	Percentage
Student does not smoke	1380	$\frac{1380}{1780} \times 100$	77.5
Student smokes	400	$\frac{400}{1780} \times 100$	22.5
Total	1780		100

We can conclude from the above table of the conditional distribution of students smoking behavior for parents smoking behavior that parents who do not smoke (neither parent smoke) have the comparatively highest percentage of students who do not smoke, while parents who smoke some (both parents smoke) have the comparatively highest percentage of students who smoke. As a result, parents who do not smoke (neither parent smokes) have the largest percentage of nonsmoking students, while parents who smoke (both parents smoke) have the highest percentage of smokers.