Chapter 16: Problem 26
Is it possible for a star to skip the main sequence and immediately begin burning helium in its core? Explain your answer.
Short Answer
Expert verified
A star cannot skip the main sequence and burn helium immediately. It must first exhaust its hydrogen during the main sequence phase.
Step by step solution
01
Understanding Stellar Formation
Stars form from molecular clouds, also known as stellar nurseries. These clouds collapse under gravity and begin to heat up, eventually forming a protostar.
02
Protostar Development
As the protostar continues to collapse, it gets hotter and denser. When the core temperature reaches about 10 million Kelvin, nuclear fusion of hydrogen begins, and the star enters the main sequence.
03
Main Sequence Characteristics
During the main sequence phase, a star primarily fuses hydrogen into helium in its core. This phase can last for millions to billions of years depending on the star’s mass.
04
Burning Helium in the Core
For a star to burn helium in its core, it needs to have exhausted its hydrogen supply. This happens after it has spent time on the main sequence. At this stage, the star becomes a red giant or supergiant.
05
Conclusion
A star cannot skip the main sequence and immediately begin burning helium. The core temperatures required for helium fusion can only be achieved after the hydrogen in the core has been depleted, a process that occurs during the main sequence phase.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Stellar Formation
Stars begin their life cycle in large clouds of dust and gas known as molecular clouds or stellar nurseries. These regions are rich in hydrogen, helium, and other elements. Due to gravitational forces, these clouds start to condense, collapse, and form denser regions. As the cloud collapses, the material at the center warms up, eventually forming a protostar, the earliest stage of star development.
Stars can vary in size, temperature, and brightness, depending on the amount of material available in the molecular cloud. Initially, this collapsing process can take several millions of years.
Stars can vary in size, temperature, and brightness, depending on the amount of material available in the molecular cloud. Initially, this collapsing process can take several millions of years.
Protostar Development
As the cloud continues collapsing under gravity, it heats up and forms a protostar, which is essentially a young star in its formative stages. The protostar phase is characterized by intense activity as the material continues to fall into the core and the temperature increases.
When the core temperature reaches around 10 million Kelvin, nuclear fusion begins. Hydrogen atoms start to fuse into helium, generating energy that pushes back against gravitational forces. This point marks the transition of the protostar into a main sequence star. The pressure from the energy released by fusion balances the force of gravity pulling the star inward.
When the core temperature reaches around 10 million Kelvin, nuclear fusion begins. Hydrogen atoms start to fuse into helium, generating energy that pushes back against gravitational forces. This point marks the transition of the protostar into a main sequence star. The pressure from the energy released by fusion balances the force of gravity pulling the star inward.
Main Sequence Phase
The main sequence phase is the longest period in a star's life cycle. During this phase, a star burns hydrogen into helium in its core. This balanced state is known as hydrostatic equilibrium. The properties of a main sequence star, such as size, brightness, and lifespan, primarily depend on its mass. More massive stars burn hotter and faster, shortening their time on the main sequence, while less massive stars, like our Sun, can remain in this phase for billions of years.
This phase is crucial for determining the star's future evolution and eventual death. The energy produced during this phase creates the light and heat emitted by the star.
This phase is crucial for determining the star's future evolution and eventual death. The energy produced during this phase creates the light and heat emitted by the star.
Helium Fusion
Helium fusion begins only after a star has exhausted its hydrogen supply in the core, which occurs during the main sequence phase. Once the hydrogen is depleted, the core begins to contract under gravity, and temperatures rise again. When the temperature in the core exceeds around 100 million Kelvin, helium atoms start fusing into heavier elements like carbon and oxygen. This process is also known as the triple-alpha process.
Helium fusion generates less energy than hydrogen fusion, but it is more difficult to initiate due to the higher temperatures required. Some stars may go through periods of instability and changes in size as they approach and enter the helium fusion phase.
Helium fusion generates less energy than hydrogen fusion, but it is more difficult to initiate due to the higher temperatures required. Some stars may go through periods of instability and changes in size as they approach and enter the helium fusion phase.
Red Giant Stage
After a star completes its main sequence phase, it enters the red giant stage. This stage occurs when the core is depleted of hydrogen, causing the core to contract and the outer layers to expand and cool. As a result, the star becomes significantly larger and redder.
During this stage, the core's temperature increases enough to start helium fusion. The expanded outer layers are cooler and can stretch several times the star's original size. Depending on the initial mass of the star, it will either lose its outer layers and form a planetary nebula with a white dwarf at its core or explode in a supernova, leaving behind a neutron star or black hole.
The red giant stage is a relatively short part of a star's lifecycle compared to the main sequence phase but is crucial in its end-of-life evolution.
During this stage, the core's temperature increases enough to start helium fusion. The expanded outer layers are cooler and can stretch several times the star's original size. Depending on the initial mass of the star, it will either lose its outer layers and form a planetary nebula with a white dwarf at its core or explode in a supernova, leaving behind a neutron star or black hole.
The red giant stage is a relatively short part of a star's lifecycle compared to the main sequence phase but is crucial in its end-of-life evolution.