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Chapter 8: Problem 36

Explain plate tectonics and identify the only planet on which this process has been observed.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Plate tectonics describes Earth's lithosphere movements, and has only been observed on Earth.

Step by step solution

01

Define Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that describes the large-scale movement of Earth's lithosphere, which is divided into tectonic plates. This movement is driven by forces such as mantle convection, slab pull, and ridge push.
02

Explain How Plate Tectonics Work

The Earth's lithosphere is broken into several rigid plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath. These plates interact at their boundaries, which can be divergent (moving apart), convergent (coming together), or transform (sliding past one another). These interactions cause geological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain building.
03

Observations of Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is a process that has only been observed on Earth. No other planet in our solar system shows evidence of active plate tectonics.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

earth's lithosphere
The Earth's lithosphere is the outer shell of our planet. It's divided into two layers: the crust and the upper part of the mantle. This layer is rigid and is broken into pieces known as tectonic plates. The lithosphere includes both the continents and the ocean floors. It floats on the semi-fluid layer beneath it called the asthenosphere.

Understanding the lithosphere is crucial. It helps us to grasp the basics of plate tectonics and the various geological phenomena that occur.
tectonic plates
Tectonic plates are large, rigid pieces of the Earth's lithosphere. They move and interact at their boundaries. There are several major tectonic plates, including the Pacific Plate, the North American Plate, and the Eurasian Plate.

These movements are driven by forces such as:
  • Mantle convection: The flow of hot, molten rock in the mantle that causes plates to move.
  • Slab pull: The force exerted by a sinking plate pulling the rest of the plate with it.
  • Ridge push: The force that drives plates away from mid-ocean ridges where new crust is formed.
Plates can move apart, come together, or slide past each other. These interactions create many geological phenomena.
geological phenomena
Geological phenomena are natural processes resulting from the movement of tectonic plates. These include:
  • Earthquakes: Sudden shaking of the ground caused by the release of energy from the Earth's crust.
  • Volcanic activity: The eruption of magma from beneath the Earth's crust.
  • Mountain building: The formation of mountains due to the collision and compression of tectonic plates.
On Earth, we can observe these phenomena because of active plate tectonics. It's an ongoing process that shapes our planet's surface. Other planets in our solar system do not currently show evidence of plate tectonics like Earth does.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Geologists can determine the relative age of features on a planet because a. the ones on top must be older. b. the ones on top must be younger. c. the larger ones must be older. d. the larger ones must be younger. e. all the features we can see are the same age.

Compare the kinetic energy of a 1-gram piece of ice (about half the mass of a dime) entering Earth's atmosphere at a speed of \(50 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}\) to that of a 2 -metric-ton SUV \(\left(\text { mass }=2 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{kg}\right)\) speeding down the highway at \(90 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}\)

The first science fiction film, the short Voyage to the Moon (George Méliès, 1902 ), is in the public domain and can be viewed at http://archive.org/details/Levoyagedanslalune (a newer, digitized version was released in 2011 ). Where do the "Selenians" live on the Moon? In this first cinematic depiction of contact with life from outside of Earth, what do the human astronomers do to the Selenians? Contrast what the astronomers in the film find on the Moon with what the Apollo astronauts actually saw.

Scientists know the history of Earth's magnetic field because a. the magnetic field hasn't changed since the formation of Earth. b. they see how it's changing today, and project backward in time. c. the magnetic field becomes frozen into rocks, and plate tectonics spreads those rocks out. d. they compare the magnetic fields on other planets to Earth's. e. there are written documents of magnetic field measurements since the beginning of Earth.

_______ waves are compressional, while _________ waves oscillate perpendicular to their line of travel. a. longitudinal; transverse b. transverse; longitudinal c. \(P\) waves; \(S\) waves d. S waves; P waves e. both a and c f. both b and d
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