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Chapter 5: 5.4 (page 155)
In a hydrogen fuel cell, the steps of the chemical reaction are
Calculate the voltage of the cell. What is the minimum voltage required for electrolysis of water? Explain briefly.
The minimum voltage required is
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Suppose you start with a liquid mixture of 60% nitrogen and 40% oxygen. Describe what happens as the temperature of this mixture increases. Be sure to give the temperatures and compositions at which boiling begins and ends.
Osmotic pressure measurements can be used to determine the molecular weights of large molecules such as proteins. For a solution of large molecules to qualify as "dilute," its molar concentration must be very low and hence the osmotic pressure can be too small to measure accurately. For this reason, the usual procedure is to measure the osmotic pressure at a variety of concentrations, then extrapolate the results to the limit of zero concentration. Here are some data for the protein hemoglobin dissolved in water at :
| Concentration (grams/liter) | (cm) |
| 5.6 | 2.0 |
| 16.6 | 6.5 |
| 32.5 | 12.8 |
| 43.4 | 17.6 |
| 54.0 | 22.6 |
The quantity is the equilibrium difference in fluid level between the solution and the pure solvent,. From these measurements, determine the approximate molecular weight of hemoglobin (in grams per mole).
An experimental arrangement for measuring osmotic pressure. Solvent flows across the membrane from left to right until the difference in fluid level,, is just enough to supply the osmotic pressure.
Check that equations 5.69 and 5.70 satisfy the identity (equation 5.37)
The compression factor of a fluid is defined as the ratio PV/NkT; the deviation of this quantity from 1 is a measure of how much the fluid differs from an ideal gas. Calculate the compression factor of a Van der Waals fluid at the critical point, and note that the value is independent of a and b. (Experimental values of compression factors at the critical point are generally lower than the Van der Waals prediction, for instance, 0.227 for H22O, 0.274 for CO22, and 0.305 for He.)
Suppose you need a tank of oxygen that is 95% pure. Describe a process by which you could obtain such a gas, starting with air.
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