Learning Materials
Features
Discover
Chapter 5: Q 5.83 (page 211)
Write down the equilibrium condition for each of the following reactions:
Hence, the equilibrium condition for each reaction is given.
Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with Vaia!
All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.
Get started for free
Calculate the Helmholtz free energy of a van der Waals fluid, up to an undetermined function of temperature as in . Using reduced variables, carefully plot the Helmholtz free energy (in units of ) as a function of volume for Identify the two points on the graph corresponding to the liquid and gas at the vapor pressure. (If you haven't worked the preceding problem, just read the appropriate values off .) Then prove that the Helmholtz free energy of a combination of these two states (part liquid, part gas) can be represented by a straight line connecting these two points on the graph. Explain why the combination is more stable, at a given volume, than the homogeneous state represented by the original curve, and describe how you could have determined the two transition volumes directly from the graph of .
When plotting graphs and performing numerical calculations, it is convenient to work in terms of reduced variables, Rewrite the van der Waals equation in terms of these variables, and notice that the constants a and b disappear.
Use the data at the back of this book to verify the values of and quoted above for the lead-acid reaction 5.13.
In a hydrogen fuel cell, the steps of the chemical reaction are
Calculate the voltage of the cell. What is the minimum voltage required for electrolysis of water? Explain briefly.
For a magnetic system held at constant TT and HH (see Problem 5.17 ), the quantity that is minimized is the magnetic analogue of the Gibbs free energy, which obeys the thermodynamic identity
Phase diagrams for two magnetic systems are shown in Figure 5.14 ; the vertical axis on each of these figures is μ0Hμ0H (a) Derive an analogue of the Clausius-Clapeyron relation for the slope of a phase boundary in the HH - TT plane. Write your equation in terms of the difference in entropy between the two phases. (b) Discuss the application of your equation to the ferromagnet phase diagram in Figure 5.14. (c) In a type-I superconductor, surface currents flow in such a way as to completely cancel the magnetic field (B, not H)(B, not H) inside. Assuming that MM is negligible when the material is in its normal (non-superconducting) state, discuss the application of your equation to the superconductor phase diagram in Figure 5.14.5.14. Which phase has the greater entropy? What happens to the difference in entropy between the phases at each end of the phase boundary?
What do you think about this solution?
We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.
Explanations 
Textbooks 
Exams 
GCSE 
IGCSE 
AS 
A Level 
International A Level 
University Admissions Tests 
Flashcards 
Vaia AI 
Notes 
Study Plans 
Study Sets 
Find a job 
Find a degree 
Student Deals 
Magazine 
Mobile App