Use the results of this section to estimate the contribution of conduction electrons to the heat capacity of one mole of copper at room temperature. How does this contribution compare to that of lattice vibrations, assuming that these are not frozen out? (The electronic contribution has been measured at low temperatures, and turns out to be about$40\%$ more than predicted by the free electron model used here.)

The contribution of conduction electrons to the heat capacity of one mole of copper at room temperature is given as

${\left[c_v\right]}_e=\frac{{\pi }^{2}N{k}^{2}T}{2{ϵ}_F}$

where,

$N=$the number of atoms and is equal to Avogadro number of atoms per one mole .

$k=$Boltzmann constant

$T=$room Temperature

${ϵ}_F\text{=the fermi energy.}$

${ϵ}_F=7.05\mathrm{eV}${The fermi energy of copper }

role="math" localid="1647886513817" $\text{Puttingthevalue}6.022\times {10}^{23}\text{for}N,8.617\times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{K}\text{for}k,300\mathrm{K}\text{for}T\text{, and}7.05\mathrm{eV}\text{for}{ϵ}_F$

${\left[C_V\right]}_e=\frac{{\pi }^2\left(6.022\times {10}^{23}\right){\left(8.617\times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{K}\right)}^2(300\mathrm{K})}{2(7.05\mathrm{eV})}$

$=9.389\times {10}^{17}$

$=\left(9.389\times {10}^{17}\mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{K}\right)\left(1.6\times {10}^{-19}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K}\right)$

$=0.15\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K}$

So, the contribution of conduction electrons to the heat capacity of one mole of copper at room temperature is$0.15\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K}$.

According to Debye theory of lattice vibrations, specific heat is given as

${\left[C_V\right]}_l=\frac{12{\pi }^4}{5}{\left(\frac{T}{T_D}\right)}^{3}Nk$

$T_D\text{=Debye temperature.}$

$\text{The above formula is applicable when}T\ll <T_D\text{.}$

$\text{Duringthe higher temperature where}T\gg T_D\text{, the specific heat is}$

${\left[C_V\right]}_I=3Nk$

$\text{Puttingthevalue}6.022\times {10}^{23}\text{for}N\text{and}8.617\times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{K}\text{for}k$

${\left[C_V\right]}_{/}=3\left(6.022\times {10}^{23}\right)\left(1.381\times {10}^{-23}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K}\right)$

$=25\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K}$

So, the contribution of electrons is very small as compared to the heat capacity of the lattice vibrations at room temperature.

$\frac{{\left[C_V\right]}_e}{{\left[C_V\right]}_1}=\frac{0.15\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K}}{25\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K}}$

$=0.006$

$<1$

${\left[C_V\right]}_e<{\left[C_V\right]}_I$

$\text{So, the electrons contribute less than}1\%\text{of the total heat capacity at room temperature.}$