Atomic hydrogen contains \(5.5 \times 10^{25}\) atoms \(/ \mathrm{m}^{3}\) at a certain temperature and pressure. When an electric field of \(4 \mathrm{kV} / \mathrm{m}\) is applied, each dipole formed by the electron and positive nucleus has an effective length of \(7.1 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~m}\). (a) Find \(P\). (b) Find \(\epsilon_{r}\).

Imagine a pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. This arrangement is known as an electric dipole. The dipole moment is a vector quantity that represents the strength and direction of this dipole; it's essentially a measure of the separation of positive and negative charges. It's calculated as the product of the magnitude of one of the charges and the distance between them.

In our case, the atoms of hydrogen get polarized under an electric field, forming diples. Using the formula p = q * d, where q is the charge (of an electron or a proton) and d is the distance between the charges (or the effective length), we can compute the dipole moment for a single hydrogen atom. With a charge of approximately 1.6 * 10^-19 C and a distance of 7.1 * 10^-19 m, each hydrogen dipole has a moment calculated as 11.36 * 10^-38 C*m.

The concept of dipole moment is important as it determines how a dipole aligns with an electric field and the extent to which the material will be polarized.

The electric field is a fundamental concept in electromagnetism, representing the force per unit charge exerted on a positive test charge placed within the field. It is a vector field, meaning it has both a magnitude and a direction at every point in space. For our example, the electric field is provided as 4 kV/m (4 * 10³ V/m), which means that a positive charge would feel a force of 4000 newtons for every coulomb of charge.

An electric field is instrumental in creating electric polarization within materials. It causes the charges in atoms and molecules to shift slightly, inducing dipoles. Understanding the nature and strength of the electric field allows us to anticipate the polarization behavior of materials, which is critical in designing electronics, understanding material properties, and studying electrostatic phenomena.

The relative permittivity, often symbolized by ε_r, is a dimensionless quantity that describes how an electric field affects, and is affected by, a dielectric (insulating) medium. It is also known as the dielectric constant. The relative permittivity of a medium determines how much the medium will reduce the electric field within it compared to the field in a vacuum. It is given by the relation ε_r = 1 + χ_e, where χ_e is the electric susceptibility.

In practical terms, materials with higher relative permittivity can store more electric energy for a given electric field. This concept is essential for understanding how materials influence capacitive behavior in circuits. From the solution provided, for atomic hydrogen under the given conditions, the relative permittivity (ε_r) is approximately 1, indicating that the material behaves similarly to a vacuum in terms of its ability to permit an electric field.

The term electric susceptibility, denoted by χ_e, quantifies how easily a material can be polarized by applying an electric field. It relates the induced polarization P in the material to the electric field E causing it, with the formula P = χ_e * E. Higher susceptibility indicates a material will become more polarized in response to an electric field.

In the context of our exercise, we calculated the electric susceptibility by dividing the electric polarization by the electric field (χ_e = P / E). The calculation gives us a small value, suggesting that atomic hydrogen exhibits minimal polarization response under the applied electric field, with its susceptibility essentially being 0 for all practical purposes. This concept helps us understand and quantify the polarizing effects within different materials when subjected to external electric fields, which is especially important in the field of material science and electronic engineering.