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Chapter 36: Problem 44
Repeat Exercise 25 for the case where you know only that the principal quantum number is \(3 ;\) that is, \(l\) might have any of its possible values.
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Write the full electronic structure of bromine.
What distinguishes a Bose-Einstein condensate from ordinary matter?
Use shell notation to characterize rubidium's outermost electron.
With sufficient energy, it's possible to eject an electron from an inner atomic orbital. A higher-energy electron will then drop into the unoccupied state, emitting a photon with energy equal to the difference between the two levels. For inner-shell electrons, photon energies are in the keV range, putting them in the X-ray region of the spectrum. These characteristic X rays are labeled with the letter indicating the shell to which the electron drops, followed by a Greek letter indicating the higher level from which it drops; thus \(K \alpha\) designates a transition from the \(L\) shell to the \(K\) shell. Characteristic X rays provide scientists and physicians with an important diagnostic tool. Environmental scientists bombard pollution samples with high- energy electrons, knocking out inner-shell electrons and thus producing X-ray spectra that help identify contaminants (Fig. \(36.20 a\) ). Geologists do the same with rocks. Medical radiologists reverse the process, exploiting the fact that X rays cause inner-shell transitions as well as complete ejection of inner-shell electrons. In particular, radiologists use the element barium in this way to produce high-contrast X-ray images of the intestinal tract \((\text { Fig. } 36.20 b)\)(GRAPH CANNOT COPY) (a) An \(\mathrm{X}\) -ray spectrum from air pollutants trapped on a filter. The labeled peaks show the presence of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As), as evidenced by \(K \alpha, K \beta, L \alpha,\) and \(L \beta\) characteristic X rays. (b) \(\mathrm{X}\) -ray of an intestinal tract, made by coating the intestinal wall with X-ray-opaque barium Molybdenum's X-ray spectrum has its \(K \alpha\) peak at 17.4 keV. The corresponding X-ray wavelength is closest to a. \(1 \mathrm{pm}\) b. \(100 \mathrm{pm}\) c. \(1 \mathrm{nm}\) d. \(100 \mathrm{nm}\)
Find the maximum possible magnitude for the orbital angular momentum of an electron in the \(n=7\) state of hydrogen.
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