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Chapter 4: Problem 1

Distinguish the Aristotelian and Galilean/Newtonian views of the natural state of motion.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Aristotelian view of motion posits that all objects have a natural place and move to reach this place, while the Newtonian view postulates that an object at rest or in motion would remain so until an external force acts upon it. The Aristotelian model is valued on subjective observation, with the Newtonian model built on experimentation and mathematical evidence.

Step by step solution

01

Aristotelian View of Motion

The Aristotelian view, named after the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, is based on the foundation that every object in the universe has a natural place. According to this belief, an object moves or stops moving in order to reach its natural place. If an object is at its natural place, it is at rest; if it is away, it is in motion until it returns to its natural position.
02

Galilean/Newtonian View of Motion

In contrast to the Aristotelian view, the Galilean or Newtonian view of motion, proposed by Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton, indicates that an object at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line will continue to be at rest or in uniform motion unless an external force acts upon it. This is the basis of the First Law of Motion also known as the Law of Inertia.
03

Comparison and Distinction

The Aristotelian view allocates a 'natural place' for objects and motion is initiated to reach this place, meaning a force is not necessarily needed for movement. In contrast, the Galilean/Newtonian view of motion contends that an external force is required to change the motion of an object, accounting for both rest and uniform motion. Whilst the Aristotelian view is based on subjective observation, the Newtonian theory is grounded on experimentation and mathematical proof.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In a front-end collision, a \(1300-\mathrm{kg}\) car with shock-absorbing bumpers can withstand a maximum force of \(65 \mathrm{kN}\) before damage occurs. If the maximum speed for a nondamaging collision is \(10 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h},\) by how much must the bumper be able to move relative to the car?

A driver tells passengers to buckle their seatbelts, invoking the law of inertia. What's that got to do with seatbelts?

You're assessing the Engineered Material Arresting System (EMAS) at New York's JFK airport. The system consists of a 132 -m-long bed of crushable cement blocks, designed to stop aircraft from sliding off the runway in emergencies. The EMAS can exert a 300 -kN force on a 55 -Mg jetliner that hits the system at \(36 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .\) Can it stop the plane before it plows through all the blocks?

A 61 -Mg railroad locomotive can exert a 0.12 -MN force. At what rate can it accelerate (a) by itself and (b) when pulling a 1.4-Gg train?

What force do the blades of a \(4300-\mathrm{kg}\) helicopter exert on the air when the helicopter is (a) hovering at constant altitude; (b) dropping at \(21 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\) with speed decreasing at \(3.2 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} ;(\mathrm{c})\) rising at \(17 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\) with speed increasing at \(3.2 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} ;\) (d) rising at a steady \(15 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} ;\) (e) rising at \(15 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\) with speed decreasing at \(3.2 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} ?\)
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