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Chapter 1: Problem 12

How are heat, internal energy, and thermal energy related to each other?

Short Answer

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#Question# Explain the relationship between heat, internal energy, and thermal energy. #Answer# Heat is the energy transfer due to a temperature difference, internal energy is the total energy contained within a system, and thermal energy is a form of internal energy related to the random motion of atoms and molecules. Heat has a direct impact on the change in internal energy and creates a change in thermal energy, which results in a change in temperature.

Step by step solution

01

Define Heat

Heat is the energy transferred between two systems or between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference. Heat can flow from a hotter body to a colder one or vice versa. Heat always flows in the direction that reduces the temperature difference. The SI unit of heat is the Joule (J).
02

Define Internal Energy

Internal energy (U) is the total energy contained within a system. It consists of all the energy associated with the system's atoms and molecules such as kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, and potential energy is the energy of the interactions between these atoms and molecules. The unit of internal energy is also Joule (J).
03

Define Thermal Energy

Thermal energy is a form of internal energy that arises due to the random motion of atoms and molecules in a substance. It is also known as heat energy. Thermal energy depends on the temperature and quantity of the substance; the higher the temperature or quantity, the greater the thermal energy. The unit of thermal energy is Joule (J).
04

Relationship between Heat and Internal Energy

Heat is the energy transfer between systems due to a temperature difference, while internal energy is the total energy contained within a system. When heat is added to a system, the internal energy of the system typically increases and the temperature rises (unless the energy is being used for a phase change). Similarly, when heat is taken away from a system, the internal energy decreases, and the temperature lowers.
05

Relationship between Thermal Energy and Internal Energy

Unlike heat, which is an energy transfer, thermal energy is a form of internal energy that arises from the random motion of atoms and molecules in a substance. Thermal energy contributes to the internal energy, but it's not the only factor. Other forms of energy that contribute to internal energy include chemical energy (related to bond formation and breaking) and nuclear energy (related to nucleus interactions).
06

Conclusion

In summary, heat is the energy transfer due to a temperature difference, internal energy is the total energy contained within a system, and thermal energy is a form of internal energy that is related to the random motion of atoms and molecules. Heat has a direct impact on the change in internal energy and creates a change in thermal energy, which results in a change in temperature.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A 2-kW electric resistance heater submerged in 30-kg water is turned on and kept on for \(10 \mathrm{~min}\). During the process, \(500 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of heat is lost from the water. The temperature rise of water is (a) \(5.6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) (b) \(9.6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) (c) \(13.6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) (d) \(23.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) (e) \(42.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)

Why is the metabolic rate of women, in general, lower than that of men? What is the effect of clothing on the environmental temperature that feels comfortable?

What is the physical mechanism of heat conduction in a solid, a liquid, and a gas?

A \(0.3\)-cm-thick, 12-cm-high, and 18-cm-long circuit board houses 80 closely spaced logic chips on one side, each dissipating \(0.06 \mathrm{~W}\). The board is impregnated with copper fillings and has an effective thermal conductivity of \(16 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\). All the heat generated in the chips is conducted across the circuit board and is dissipated from the back side of the board to the ambient air. Determine the temperature difference between the two sides of the circuit board. Answer: \(0.042^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)

Why is it necessary to ventilate buildings? What is the effect of ventilation on energy consumption for heating in winter and for cooling in summer? Is it a good idea to keep the bathroom fans on all the time? Explain.
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