Water is boiled at \(150^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) in a boiler by hot exhaust gases \(\left(c_{p}=1.05 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\) that enter the boiler at \(400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) at a rate of \(0.4 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{s}\) and leaves at \(200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The surface area of the heat exchanger is \(0.64 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\). The overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger is (a) \(940 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\) (b) \(1056 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\) (c) \(1145 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\) (d) \(1230 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\) (e) \(1393 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\)

Heat exchangers are pivotal devices in thermal systems, as they allow for the transfer of heat between two or more fluids at different temperatures without mixing them. In our problem, the heat exchanger facilitates the transfer of energy from hot exhaust gases to water to boil it. An effective heat exchanger maximizes the surface area available for heat transfer while minimizing resistance to heat flow. Factors like design, materials used, and flow configuration influence the heat exchanger's performance.

Although not explicitly detailed in the exercise, the type of heat exchanger (whether it's a shell and tube, plate, or finned-tube design, for example) and the fluid flow arrangement (counterflow, parallel flow, etc.) can significantly impact its effectiveness and the overall heat transfer coefficient. These are important considerations in the real-world application of the concepts being learned.

The heat transfer rate is a measure of the thermal energy transferred per unit time. In the given textbook example, we need to calculate this rate to progress towards finding the overall heat transfer coefficient. The solution provided uses the formula q = mcΔT, which factors in the mass flow rate (m), the specific heat capacity (c), and the temperature change (ΔT).

Understanding how to accurately determine each variable in this formula is crucial. The specific heat capacity, which represents the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a certain amount, is a key term in this equation. Small errors made in calculating the heat transfer rate can magnify when applied to subsequent calculations, making precision essential in solving problems involving thermal systems. For the heat transfer rate to be useful in further calculations (like finding the overall heat transfer coefficient), it has to be expressed in consistent units, hence the conversion from kJ/s to W in the solution.

Specific heat capacity is a material-specific thermal property that plays a pivotal role in determining how a substance will react to the addition or removal of heat. It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin).

Different materials have different specific heat capacities. For instance, water has a high specific heat capacity, which means it can absorb a lot of heat before it starts to get hot. In our example, the hot exhaust gases have a known specific heat capacity (c_p = 1.05 kJ/kg·°C), which is used to calculate the heat transfer rate to the water. Understanding specific heat capacity is essential not only for problems like this but also has practical applications such as designing thermal systems, heating and cooling processes, and even in culinary practices where controlling temperature is crucial.