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Chapter 12: Problem 90

You have probably noticed warning signs on the highways stating that bridges may be icy even when the roads are not. Explain how this can happen.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Short Answer: Bridges become icy even when roads are not due to their increased exposure to air on all sides, allowing for faster heat transfer through both conduction and convection. The rapid heat loss can cause the bridge surface temperature to fall below freezing, even if the air temperature is slightly above freezing, leading to icy conditions. Conversely, roads are in direct contact with the ground, which acts as an insulator and retains heat, resulting in slower heat loss and warmer temperatures.

Step by step solution

01

Introduction

To understand the phenomenon of bridges becoming icy even when roads are not, we need to consider the factors affecting the temperature and heat exchange of both bridges and roads.
02

Heat Transfer

Heat transfer is the process by which the thermal energy, or heat, moves from a region of higher temperature to one with lower temperature. There are three main types of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. In the case of bridges and roads, conduction and convection are the most relevant.
03

Conduction

Conduction is the transfer of heat within a solid material or between solid materials that are in contact with each other. In the context of bridges and roads, this involves the transfer of heat between the bridge or road surface and the surrounding air.
04

Convection

Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids, like air, due to differences in temperature. Warmer fluids tend to rise, while cooler fluids sink. Thus, heat can be transferred by the movement of air around the bridge or road surface.
05

Bridges and Heat Transfer

Bridges are suspended structures exposed to the air on all sides, top and bottom, as well as from the sides. This allows them to lose heat through both conduction and convection much more quickly than roads which are in contact with the ground. The ground acts as an insulator and retains heat, unlike the air surrounding the bridge, which can move and carry heat away.
06

Temperature and Icy Conditions

When the air temperature is close to or below freezing, the temperature of the bridge surface can drop below freezing even if the air temperature is slightly above freezing. This is due to the rapid heat transfer mentioned above. As a result, any moisture or precipitation on the bridge can freeze, creating icy conditions.
07

Roads and Heat Transfer

In contrast, roads are in direct contact with the ground, which retains more heat than air. Therefore, roads lose heat at a slower rate, so they tend to remain at a temperature higher than the air.
08

Conclusion

Bridges can become icy even when the roads are not due to their exposure to air on all sides and faster heat transfer. The rapid loss of heat can lower the temperature of the bridge surface below freezing, even when the surrounding air is slightly above freezing. This can cause any moisture or precipitation on the bridge to freeze, leading to icy conditions. Roads, however, are in contact with the ground and lose heat more slowly, so they tend to stay warmer and are less likely to freeze.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Conduction and Convection
Understanding heat transfer is crucial when discussing why bridges may ice before roads. Conduction is the process through which heat moves through materials that are in direct contact. On chilly days, the bridge's surface, made of concrete or steel, conducts thermal energy away to the colder air surrounding it.

In contrast, convection involves the movement of heat by the flow of air or liquid. For bridges, this means that warmer air in contact with the surface is replaced by cooler air, which further reduces the temperature of the bridge. Consequently, the combination of conduction and convection results in bridges losing heat faster than the roads that rest on the warmer ground.
Temperature and Icy Conditions
The temperature on the surfaces of bridges and roads is a defining factor for icy conditions. Bridges can have surface temperatures below freezing due to enhanced heat transfer, even when ambient temperatures are above that point. The ground releases heat slowly, safeguarding roads from freezing quickly. Thus, on bridges, a slight dip in temperature can lead to rapid icing, which is why we often see alerts for potential ice on bridges even if the roads seem unaffected.
Thermal Energy Exchange
The rate of thermal energy exchange between a surface and its environment dictates how quickly it can cool. Bridges facilitate a faster exchange due to their elevated position and exposure to airflow from all sides, top, and bottom. This exchange is facilitated by the materials used in bridges, such as metal and concrete, which are excellent conductors of heat. Conversely, roads exchange heat more slowly due to their insulation from the warmer earth, especially if they are made of less conductive materials like asphalt.
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
The mechanisms behind heat transfer include the aforementioned conduction and convection, along with radiation—the emission of energy through electromagnetic waves. However, in the context of bridges and roads, radiation plays a smaller role compared to the other two mechanisms. It's the combined effects of conduction and convection that lead to quicker cooling of bridge surfaces as opposed to roads. Understanding these mechanisms helps explain why bridges can become hazardous with ice in colder weather faster than the adjoining roadways.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A surface at \(300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) has an emissivity of \(0.7\) in the wavelength range of \(0-4.4 \mu \mathrm{m}\) and \(0.3\) over the rest of the wavelength range. At a temperature of \(300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 19\) percent of the blackbody emissive power is in wavelength range up to \(4.4 \mu \mathrm{m}\). The total emissivity of this surface is (a) \(0.300\) (b) \(0.376\) (c) \(0.624\) (d) \(0.70\) (e) \(0.50\)

A horizontal plate is experiencing uniform irradiation on the both upper and lower surfaces. The ambient air temperature surrounding the plate is \(290 \mathrm{~K}\) with a convection heat transfer coefficient of \(30 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\). Both upper and lower surfaces of the plate have a radiosity of \(4000 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\), and the plate temperature is maintained uniformly at \(390 \mathrm{~K}\). If the plate is not opaque and has an absorptivity of \(0.527\), determine the irradiation and emissivity of the plate.

Explain why the sky is blue and the sunset is yellow-orange.

A radiometer is employed to monitor the temperature of manufactured parts \(\left(A_{1}=10 \mathrm{~cm}^{2}\right)\) on a conveyor. The radiometer is placed at a distance of \(1 \mathrm{~m}\) from and normal to the manufactured parts. When a part moves to the position normal to the radiometer, the sensor measures the radiation emitted from the part. In order to prevent thermal burn on people handling the manufactured parts at the end of the conveyor, the temperature of the parts should be below \(45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). An array of spray heads is programmed to discharge mist to cool the parts when the radiometer detects a temperature of \(45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) or higher on a part. If the manufactured parts can be approximated as blackbody, determine the irradiation on the radiometer that should trigger the spray heads to release cooling mist when the temperature is not below \(45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).

Irradiation on a semi-transparent medium is at a rate of \(520 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). If \(160 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) of the irradiation is reflected from the medium and \(130 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) is transmitted through the medium, determine the medium's absorptivity, reflectivity, transmissivity, and emissivity.
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