There is much more uranium- 235 in a typical nuclear power plant than there was in the bomb that destroyed the city of Hiroshima. Why can't the reactor explode like an atomic bomb?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: Explain the difference between a nuclear power plant and an atomic bomb in terms of their behavior with uranium-235 and why a nuclear reactor cannot explode like an atomic bomb. Answer: The key difference between a nuclear power plant and an atomic bomb is the manner in which uranium-235 undergoes fission, releasing energy. In an atomic bomb, uranium-235 undergoes rapid, uncontrolled, and exponentially increasing chain reactions, ultimately causing a massive explosion. However, a nuclear reactor is designed to maintain controlled and steady chain reactions using control mechanisms like control rods and efficient heat removal systems. These features prevent a nuclear reactor from achieving the uncontrolled, explosive chain reaction seen in atomic bombs, despite having more uranium-235.

Step by step solution

01

Overview of Uranium-235 as a Fissile Material

In both nuclear power plants and atomic bombs, uranium-235 is used as a fissile material. It is capable of undergoing nuclear fission upon absorption of a neutron, releasing a large amount of energy and producing more neutrons that can trigger further fissions. This process is called a "chain reaction", and it is how both nuclear power plants and atomic bombs generate energy.
02

Critical Mass and Chain Reaction

In order to sustain a chain reaction, there must be enough fissile material to create critical mass, which ensures there are enough neutrons being produced to sustain the reaction. In an atomic bomb, a subcritical mass of uranium-235 is rapidly compressed into a critical mass by conventional explosives. The sudden creation of a dense, critical mass enables an uncontrolled, exponentially increasing chain reaction, resulting in a large explosion.
03

Control Mechanisms in Nuclear Reactors

In a nuclear power plant, uranium-235 is used in the form of fuel rods that are arranged in specific configurations within the reactor core. The design of the reactor ensures that the critical mass is controlled, maintaining a steady and manageable chain reaction. Control rods, which are made of materials that absorb neutrons, are utilized to regulate the fission process. By adjusting the position of these control rods, operators can control the rate at which uranium-235 undergoes fission, preventing an uncontrolled, explosive chain reaction.
04

Heat Generation and Removal

The main aim of a nuclear power plant is to generate electricity by converting the heat released during the fission process into steam, which then drives turbines connected to electric generators. To effectively remove the heat and prevent overheating, a coolant circulates through the reactor core, constantly transferring heat away from the fuel rods.
05

Conclusion

Despite having more uranium-235 than an atomic bomb, a nuclear reactor cannot explode like an atomic bomb because of its inherent design and control mechanisms. The reactor is specifically engineered to maintain a controlled and steady chain reaction, preventing the uncontrolled, exponentially increasing chain reaction required for an explosion. Additionally, control rods and constant heat removal further ensure that a nuclear reactor remains stable and safe during operation.

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