List the four fundamental interactions of Nature, and discuss their relative strengths and effective ranges.

The four fundamental interactions (also known as fundamental forces) of Nature are: 1. Gravitational interaction - The weakest interaction 2. Electromagnetic interaction - Stronger than gravitational interaction 3. Weak nuclear interaction- Stronger than electromagnetic interaction 4. Strong nuclear interaction- The strongest interaction.

The effective ranges of the four fundamental interactions are as follows: 1. Gravitational interaction: The effective range of gravitational interaction is infinite, although the force diminishes rapidly with increasing distance, following an inverse-square law (\(F = G\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}\)). 2. Electromagnetic interaction: The effective range of electromagnetic interaction is infinite, like gravity. Its force also follows an inverse-square law (\(F = k\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}\)). 3. Weak nuclear interaction: The effective range of weak nuclear interaction is very short, on the order of the size of atomic nuclei (around 10^(-18) meters). 4. Strong nuclear interaction: The effective range of strong nuclear interaction is also very short, on the order of the size of atomic nuclei (around 10^(-15) meters).

1. Gravitational interaction: It is the force that acts between objects with mass. It is responsible for the phenomenon of weight and attractions between celestial bodies (e.g., Earth's orbit around the Sun). Furthermore, it plays a central role in the large-scale structure of the universe. 2. Electromagnetic interaction: It acts between charged particles (such as electrons and protons) and is responsible for numerous phenomena including electricity, magnetism, and light. It plays an essential role in determining the structure of atoms and their interactions with one another, forming molecules and other chemical compounds. 3. Weak nuclear interaction: It is responsible for certain types of nuclear decay (such as beta decay), and it plays a vital role in some processes occurring in stars, like fusion. It also has a crucial role in the phenomenon of neutrino interactions. 4. Strong nuclear interaction: It binds the quarks together to form protons and neutrons, as well as binding protons and neutrons to form atomic nuclei. Without this force, atomic nuclei would disintegrate due to the electromagnetic repulsion between protons.