Show that if \(\alpha, \beta\), and \(\gamma\) are 1-forms, then \(\alpha \wedge \beta \wedge \gamma\) has components $$ \frac{1}{6}\left(\alpha_{a} \beta_{b} \gamma_{c}+\alpha_{b} \beta_{c} \gamma_{a}+\alpha_{c} \beta_{a} \gamma_{b}-\alpha_{a} \beta_{c} \gamma_{b}-\alpha_{b} \beta_{a} \gamma_{c}-\alpha_{c} \beta_{b} \gamma_{a}\right) $$

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: If α, β, and γ are 1-forms, show that the components of their triple wedge product, α ∧ β ∧ γ , have the form: $ \frac{1}{6}\left(\alpha_{a} \beta_{b} \gamma_{c}+\alpha_{b} \beta_{c} \gamma_{a}+\alpha_{c} \beta_{a} \gamma_{b}-\alpha_{a} \beta_{c} \gamma_{b}-\alpha_{b} \beta_{a} \gamma_{c}-\alpha_{c} \beta_{b} \gamma_{a}\right). $ Solution: We've derived the components of α ∧ β ∧ γ for arbitrary 1-forms α, β, and γ and found it to be: $ \frac{1}{6}\left(\alpha_{a} \beta_{b} \gamma_{c}+\alpha_{b} \beta_{c} \gamma_{a}+\alpha_{c} \beta_{a} \gamma_{b}-\alpha_{a} \beta_{c} \gamma_{b}-\alpha_{b} \beta_{a} \gamma_{c}-\alpha_{c} \beta_{b} \gamma_{a}\right), $ which matches the desired expression.

Step by step solution

01

The wedge product

The wedge product of two forms is a new form that captures their geometric (and algebraic) relationship. For 1-forms, if \(A = A_a dx^a\) and \(B = B_a dx^a\), their wedge product is defined as: $$ A \wedge B = (A_a dx^a) \wedge (B_b dx^b) = (A_a B_b - A_b B_a)dx^a \wedge dx^b. $$ The wedge product is antisymmetric, meaning that \(A \wedge B = -(B \wedge A)\).
02

Applying the wedge product to the 1-forms

We are given \(\alpha = \alpha_a dx^a, \beta = \beta_b dx^b, \) and \(\gamma = \gamma_c dx^c.\) When applying the wedge product twice, we obtain $$ \alpha \wedge \beta \wedge \gamma = (\alpha \wedge \beta) \wedge \gamma = \left((\alpha_a \beta_b - \alpha_b \beta_a) dx^a \wedge dx^b\right) \wedge (\gamma_c dx^c). $$
03

Continuing the wedge product operation

Continue applying the wedge product definition using the result from step 2. We get $$ \alpha \wedge \beta \wedge \gamma = [(\alpha_a \beta_b - \alpha_b \beta_a)\gamma_c - (\alpha_a \beta_b - \alpha_b \beta_a)\gamma_a] dx^a \wedge dx^b \wedge dx^c. $$ Reorganizing the terms, we have $$ \alpha \wedge \beta \wedge \gamma = \frac{1}{6} (\alpha_a \beta_b \gamma_c+\alpha_b \beta_c \gamma_a+\alpha_c \beta_a \gamma_b-\alpha_a \beta_c \gamma_b-\alpha_b \beta_a \gamma_c-\alpha_c \beta_b \gamma_a) dx^a \wedge dx^b \wedge dx^c. $$
04

Comparing the results

The expression derived in step 3 matches the given expression for the components of \(\alpha \wedge \beta \wedge \gamma\). Therefore, we've shown that if \(\alpha, \beta\), and \(\gamma\) are 1-forms, then \(\alpha \wedge \beta \wedge \gamma\) indeed has the components $$ \frac{1}{6}\left(\alpha_{a} \beta_{b} \gamma_{c}+\alpha_{b} \beta_{c} \gamma_{a}+\alpha_{c} \beta_{a} \gamma_{b}-\alpha_{a} \beta_{c} \gamma_{b}-\alpha_{b} \beta_{a} \gamma_{c}-\alpha_{c} \beta_{b} \gamma_{a}\right). $$

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Let \(M\) be an \(n\)-dimensional manifold and let \(\alpha \in \Omega^{k}(M) .\) Show that in local coordinates $$ \alpha=\alpha_{a b \cdots c} \mathrm{~d} x_{a} \wedge \mathrm{d} x_{b} \wedge \cdots \wedge \mathrm{d} x_{c} $$ Deduce that if \(\alpha \neq 0\) then \(k \leq n\).

Let \(\alpha\) be a 1-form with components \(\alpha_{a}\) and let \(\omega\) be a 2-form with components \(\omega_{a b}\). Show that \(\mathrm{d} \alpha\) and \(\mathrm{d} \omega\) have respective components $$ \begin{aligned} (\mathrm{d} \alpha)_{a b} &=\frac{1}{2}\left(\partial_{a} \alpha_{b}-\partial_{b} \alpha_{a}\right) \\ (\mathrm{d} \omega)_{a b c} &=\frac{1}{6}\left(\partial_{a} \omega_{b c}+\partial_{b} \omega_{c a}+\partial_{c} \omega_{a b}-\partial_{a} \omega_{c b}-\partial_{b} \omega_{a c}-\partial_{c} \omega_{b a}\right) \\ &=\frac{1}{3}\left(\partial_{a} \omega_{b c}+\partial_{b} \omega_{c a}+\partial_{c} \omega_{a b}\right) \end{aligned} $$

Show that if \(\rho: M^{\prime} \rightarrow M\) is a smooth map, then \(\rho_{*}\left(\left[u^{\prime}, v^{\prime}\right]\right)=\) \(\left[\rho_{*} u^{\prime}, \rho_{*} v^{\prime}\right]\) for any vector fields \(u^{\prime}, v^{\prime}\) on \(M^{\prime}\).

Show that for a 1-form \(\alpha\) and for a 2-form \(\omega\), the components of the Lie derivative along \(v \in \mathcal{X}(M)\) are respectively $$ \begin{aligned} \left(\mathcal{L}_{v} \alpha\right)_{a} &=v_{b} \partial_{b} \alpha_{a}+\alpha_{b} \partial_{a} v_{b} \\ \left(\mathcal{L}_{v} \omega\right)_{a b} &=v_{c} \partial_{c} \omega_{a b}+\omega_{c b} \partial_{a} v_{c}+\omega_{a c} \partial_{b} v_{c} \end{aligned} $$ Hence check the key properties of the Lie derivative for 1-forms and 2-forms.

Show that if \(v\) is a vector and \(p\) is a covector at some point of a manifold, then \(p_{a} v_{a}\) is independent of the coordinate system in which it is evaluated.

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