Because the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator potential (Equation 4.188)is spherically symmetric, the Schrödinger equation can be handled by separation of variables in spherical coordinates, as well as cartesian coordinates. Use the power series method to solve the radial equation. Find the recursion formula for the coefficients, and determine the allowed energies. Check your answer against Equation4.189.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The allowed energy isN+32hω.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of matrix.

A matrix is a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions that are organised in rows and columns to represent a mathematical object or an attribute of that item.

02

The recursion formula for the coefficients and the allowed energies.

The general radial equation is

ddrr2dRdr-2mr2h2Vr-ETakeur=rRrR=urrdRdr=rdudr-u1r2ddrr2dRdr=rd2udr2Equationbecomes,-h22md2udr2+V+h22mII+1r2u=EuTheaboveequationbecomes-h22mhd2u2+122hξ2+h22mhII+1ξ2u=Eu-hω2d2u2+12hωξ2+hω2II+1ξ2u=Eud2u2+ξ2+I1+1ξ2u=2Eu

Letk=2E-d2u2+ξ2+II+1ξ2-ku=0d2u2=ξ2+II+1ξ2-ku...................2Atlargeξ,thelasttwotermscanbeneglectedcomparedtothefirsttermd2u2=ξ2uToeliminatethedivergence,thesecondtermshouldbezero.Atξ0,equation(2)becomesd2u2=II+1ξ2uThegeneralsolutionisuξ=I+1+-1However,atξ=0,thesecondtermblowsup,Toremovedivergence,takeD=0uξ=t+1

Thesolutionforequation(2)isuξ=vξe-ξ22ξf+1Substitutingintoequation(2)givesV"+2V'I+1ξ-ξ+k-2I-3v=0Tosolvethisbytheseriessolutionmethod,Letvξ=n=0anξnv'ξ=n=1nanξn-1v"ξ=n=2nn-1anξn-2

Usingtheseexpressions,equation(3)becomesn=2nn-1anξn-2+2I+1ξ-ξn=1nanξn-1+k-21-3n=0anξn=0n=2nn-1anξn-2+2I+1n=1nanξn-2-2n=1nanξn+k-21-3n=0anξn=0Changingthedummyindextoproperpower,n=0nn+2n+1an+2ξn+2I+1n=0n+2an+2ξn-2n=0nanξn+k-21-3n=0anξn=0

Bytakinga1=0inthesecondterm,wegetn-0n+2n+1+2I+2an+2ξn=n-02n+2I+3-kanξnComparingthecofficients,n+2n+2I+3an+2=2n+2I+3-kanan+2=2n+2I+3-kn+2n+2I+3an

Toterminatetheseries,themaximumofnshouldexistafterwhichthecofficientsbecome0.Suchthatan+2=02nmax+2I+3-k=0k=2nmax+2I+3Fromk=2Ehω,E=12hωkEn=12hω2nmax+2I+3nmax+I=nEn=hω22n+3=hωn+32En=n+32hω

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Most popular questions from this chapter

An electron is at rest in an oscillating magnetic field

B=B0cos(ωt)k^

whereB0 andω are constants.

(a) Construct the Hamiltonian matrix for this system.

(b) The electron starts out (at t=0 ) in the spin-up state with respect to the x-axis (that is:χ(0)=χ+(x)). Determine X(t)at any subsequent time. Beware: This is a time-dependent Hamiltonian, so you cannot get in the usual way from stationary states. Fortunately, in this case you can solve the timedependent Schrödinger equation (Equation 4.162) directly.

(c) Find the probability of getting-h/2 , if you measure Sx. Answer:

sin2(γB02ωsin(ωt))

(d) What is the minimum field(B0) required to force a complete flip inSx ?

Show thatΘ=AIn[tan(θ2)]satisfies the θequation (Equation 4.25), for l = m = 0. This is the unacceptable "second solution" -- whats wrong with it?

The raising and lowering operators change the value of m by one unit:

L±flm=(Alm)flm+1, (4.120).

Where Almare constant. Question: What is Alm, if the Eigen functions are to be normalized? Hint: First show thatL±is the Hermitian conjugate of L±(Since LxandLyare observables, you may assume they are Hermitian…but prove it if you like); then use Equation 4.112.

(a) For a functionf(ϕ)that can be expanded in a Taylor series, show that f(ϕ+φ)=eiLzφ/f(ϕ) (where is an arbitrary angle). For this reason, Lz/ is called the generator of rotations about the Z-axis. Hint: Use Equation 4.129 , and refer Problem 3.39.More generally, L·n^/ is the generator of rotations about the direction n^, in the sense that exp(iL·n^φ/)effects a rotation through angleφ (in the right-hand sense) about the axis n^ . In the case of spin, the generator of rotations is S·n^/. In particular, for spin 1/2 χ'=ei(σ·n^)φ/2χtells us how spinors rotate.

(b) Construct the (2×2)matrix representing rotation by 180about the X-axis, and show that it converts "spin up" χ+into "spin down"χ- , as you would expect.

(c) Construct the matrix representing rotation by 90about the Y-axis, and check what it does to

χ+

(d) Construct the matrix representing rotation by 360about the -Zaxis, If the answer is not quite what you expected, discuss its implications.

(e) Show thatei(σ·n^)φ/2=cos(φ/2)+i(n^·σ)sin(φ/2)

(a) Find〈r〉and〈r²〉for an electron in the ground state of hydrogen. Express your answers in terms of the Bohr radius.

(b) Find〈x〉and (x2)for an electron in the ground state of hydrogen.

Hint: This requires no new integration—note that r2=x2+y2+z2,and exploit the symmetry of the ground state.

(c) Find〈x²〉in the state n=2,l=1,m=1. Hint: this state is not symmetrical in x, y, z. Usex=rsinθcosπx=rsinθcosϕ

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