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Chapter 2: Problem 11

Without consulting Figure 2.6 or Table \(2.2,\) determine whether each of the electron configurations given below is an inert gas, a halogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition metal. Justify your choices. (a) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{5}\) (b) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{7} 4 s^{2}\) (c) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{10} 4 s^{2} 4 p^{6}\) (d) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{1}\) (e) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{10} 4 s^{2} 4 p^{6} 4 d^{5} 5 s^{2}\) (f) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: Identify the type of element for the following electron configurations: (a) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{5}\) (b) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{7} 4 s^{2}\) (c) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{10} 4 s^{2} 4 p^{6}\) (d) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{1}\) (e) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{10} 4 s^{2} 4 p^{6} 4 d^{5} 5 s^{2}\) (f) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2}\) Answer: (a) Halogen (b) Transition metal (c) Inert gas (d) Alkali metal (e) Transition metal (f) Alkaline earth metal

Step by step solution

01

Find the element

The electron configuration has 17 electrons in total, which makes it chlorine (Cl).
02

Determine the type

Chlorine belongs to Group 17, so it is a halogen. (b) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{7} 4 s^{2}\)
03

Find the element

The electron configuration has 27 electrons in total, resulting in the element cobalt (Co).
04

Determine the type

Cobalt is in the transition metals block, so it is a transition metal. (c) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{10} 4 s^{2} 4 p^{6}\)
05

Find the element

The electron configuration has 36 electrons in total, which is krypton (Kr).
06

Determine the type

Krypton belongs to Group 18, so it is an inert gas. (d) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{1}\)
07

Find the element

The electron configuration has 19 electrons in total, leading us to potassium (K).
08

Determine the type

Potassium belongs to Group 1, so it is an alkali metal. (e) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{10} 4 s^{2} 4 p^{6} 4 d^{5} 5 s^{2}\)
09

Find the element

The electron configuration has 46 electrons, which is palladium (Pd).
10

Determine the type

Palladium belongs to the transition metals block, so it is a transition metal. (f) \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2}\)
11

Find the element

The electron configuration has 12 electrons, which corresponds to magnesium (Mg).
12

Determine the type

Magnesium belongs to Group 2, so it is an alkaline earth metal.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The net potential energy \(E_{N}\) between two adjacent ions is sometimes represented by the expression $$E_{N}=-\frac{C}{r}+D \exp \left(-\frac{r}{\rho}\right)$$ in which \(r\) is the interionic separation and \(C\) \(D,\) and \(\rho\) are constants whose values depend on the specific material. (a) Derive an expression for the bonding energy \(E_{0}\) in terms of the equilibrium interionic separation \(r_{0}\) and the constants \(D\) and \(\rho\) using the following procedure: 1\. Differentiate \(E_{N}\) with respect to \(r\) and set the resulting expression equal to zero 2\. Solve for \(C\) in terms of \(D, \rho,\) and \(r_{0}\) 3\. Determine the expression for \(E_{0}\) by substitution for \(C\) in Equation 2.12 (b) Derive another expression for \(E_{0}\) in terms of \(r_{0}, C,\) and \(\rho\) using a procedure analogous to the one outlined in part (a).

The net potential energy between two adjacent ions, \(E_{N},\) may be represented by the sum of Equations 2.8 and \(2.9 ;\) that is, $$E_{N}=-\frac{A}{r}+\frac{B}{r^{n}}$$ Calculate the bonding energy \(E_{0}\) in terms of the parameters \(A, B,\) and \(n\) using the following procedure: 1\. Differentiate \(E_{N}\) with respect to \(r,\) and then set the resulting expression equal to zero, since the curve of \(E_{N}\) versus \(r\) is a minimum at \(E_{0}\) 2\. Solve for \(r\) in terms of \(A, B,\) and \(n,\) which yields \(r_{0},\) the equilibrium interionic spacing. 3\. Determine the expression for \(E_{0}\) by substitution of \(r_{0}\) into Equation 2.11

What type(s) of bonding would be expected for each of the following materials: solid xenon, calcium fluoride \(\left(\mathrm{CaF}_{2}\right),\) bronze, cadmium tel luride (CdTe), rubber, and tungsten?

Give the electron configurations for the following ions: \(\mathrm{P}^{5+}, \mathrm{P}^{3-}, \mathrm{Sn}^{4+}, \mathrm{Se}^{2-}, \mathrm{I}^{-},\) and \(\mathrm{Ni}^{2+}\)

Silicon has three naturally-occurring isotopes: \(92.23 \%\) of \(^{28} \mathrm{Si}\), with an atomic weight of 27.9769 amu, \(4.68 \%\) of \(^{29} \mathrm{Si}\), with an atomic weight of 28.9765 amu, and \(3.09 \%\) of \(^{30} \mathrm{Si}\) with an atomic weight of 29.9738 amu. On the basis of these data, confirm that the average atomic weight of \(\mathrm{Si}\) is 28.0854 amu.
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